HARDENBERG. 553 HARDIE. pen. He is best known in Church history for his opposition to Luther's doctrine of ubiquity, and for his attempt to introduce Calvinistie tenets on the nature of the eh'ments in the sacraiiicMt. In 1501 he went to Bremen, then to Sengwardeu, and in 15G7 to Emden, where he died. Consult Spiegel, Dr. Albert Riziius Hardcnhcry (Bremen, 1869). HARDENBERG, Friedrich vox. A German lyric poet. See Novalis. HARDENBERG, Iv.rl August, Prince 1 1750-1822). A Prussian statesman, born at Essenrode, in Hanover, May 31, 1750. He was educated at Leipzig and Giittingen, and in 1776-78 traveled in France. Holland, and Eng- land. On his return to Hanover he became Coun- cilor of the Privy Chamber, and was raised to the rank of count ; but a private quarrel with a member of the royal family induced him, in 1782, to quit the Hanoverian service. He took up his residence at the Court of Brunswick, where the Duke appointed him, in 1787, president of the Council of State. Soon afterwards lie was sent on a diplomatic mission to Frederick William II. of Prussia, who received him with marked distinc- tion. In 1790 the Margrave of Ansbach and Bay- reuth requested the Pmssian monarch to furnish him with a person competent to administer the affairs of his dominions, and Frederick William recommended Hardenlierg. ^'hen Ansbacli and Bayreuth were united with Prussia in 1791, Har- denberg was appointed Minister of State and a member of the Cabinet. At the commencement of the war with Franco, the King summoned him to his headquarters at Frankfort-on-the-JIain as administrator of the army. Early in 1795 he was sent to Basel, where on April 5th he concluded a peace between Prussia and the French Republic. After the accession of Frederick Wil- liam III., Hardenberg was recalled to Berlin (1798), and was intrusted with the partial man- agement of foreign affairs. In 1804 he became first Prussian ^Minister on the resignation of Haugwitz. and in this capacity endeavored to keep Prussia neutral in the war between France and England. Nevertheless, by the victory of Napoleon at Austerlitz, Prussia was compelled to enter into an alliance with Napoleon in the ivinter of 1805-00. Hardenberg Avas deprived of his office in April. 180G. and Haugwitz, who was friendly to the French, returned to power. Prus- sia was driven in the same year to take up arms against Napoleon. After the fatal battle of Jena, Hardenberg accepted the portfolio of Foreign Affairs, which he held for a few months only. Napoleon, who considered him the chief opponent of France in Prussia, demanding his dismissal at the Peace of Tilsit. In 1810 he was appointed Prussian Chancellor. Hardenberg now proceeded to carry out Stein's plan for a regen- erated Prussia through the enactment of radical and far-rea,ching reforms. The victories of the British troops in the Spanish Peninsula, and the disasters that overwlielmed Napoleon's vast army in Russi.a, made it possible for Hardenberg to realize his patriotic efforts, and he had the satis- faction of seeing his plans crowned with success. The War of Liberation freed Prussia. Harden- berg subscribed to the Peace of Paris, 5Iay 30. 1814, and was soon after I'aised to the rank of prince by his sovereign. He accompanied the al- lied sovereigns to London and took part in the proceedings of the Congress at Vienna and in the conferences at Paris (1815). In 1817 he reor- gaiii/.cd file Council of State, of whidi he was ap- jiiiiiitcd president. He was present at the nieel- iiigs of the mouarchs of the Holy Alliance at Karlsbad, Laibach, Troppau, and Verona. His hiter policy showed reactionar}' tendencies, how- ever, and lost him much of liis previous pojni- larity. During a tour through the nortli of Italy, he was taken suddenly ill at Pavia and died at Genoa, November 20, 1822. The services ren- dered by Hardenberg to his country were great; to liim, next to Stein, Pnissia is indebted for the improvements in her army system, the aliolitiun of serfdom and feudal burdens, the throwing open of the civil service to all classes, and the complete reform of the educational system. Ilardenberg's Memoirs, 1801-07^ were suppressed until fifty years had elapsed, and were then edited with a biography by Ranke, Deiikicii rd igkci I cii des Fiir- steii von Hardenberg (5 vols., Leipzig, 1877). Consult also: Klose, Lcbcn Kiirl Auijusts, Fiir- slcn- roil Hardenberg (Halle, 1807) ; Meier, Die Reform dcr Venealtiiiigsorganisation untcr iS'/t'i'/!. iind Hardenberg (Leipzig, 1881); Seeley, Life and Times of Stein (London, 1879). HAR'DEN-HICK'EY, .Lvme.s Alotsius (1854-98). An American adventurer and jour- nalist, called a baron. He was born in San Fran- cisco, but at the age of twenty-three settled in Paris, where he started a paper called the Triboulet, so conspicuous for its strong satirical attacks upon the Government that it was sup- pressed in about two years (1880). The editor had also been drawn into duels with other jour- nalists, but his literary activity continued un- abated, and under the nom-de-plume 'Saint- Patrice' he published Un amour dans le monde (1877) ; Memoires d'un gommeux (1877) ; Prcs du gouffre (1877); Hampiero (1878); Lettres d'un. Yankee (1879) ; Arentnres mcrrcilleuses de Kabuclwdonosor yosebreaker (1880); Les faci- ties de Trogneville (1883); Nos (crivains (1888); Ln heosopMe (1890); Plaqiats bib- liques (1891). HARDERWIJK, hiir'der-vik. A small sea- port and fishing town of the Netherlands, situated on the southeastern shore of the Zuyder Zee, 28 miles east of Amsterdam (Map: Netherlands, D 2). It is a fortified town and a recruiting station for the Dutch East India troops. The chief exports are grain, lumber, and fish. Popu- lation, in 1900, 7300. Harderwijk was a Hanse town and from 1648 to 1811 was the seat of a uuiver-ity. HARDHACK. See Spib.sa. HARDHEAD. A fish. ( 1 ) See Haubeak. (2) See Steeliiead. (3) A sailors' name for the California gray whale (q.v.), said to be due to its propensity for striking and upsetting the whalers' lioats with its head. HARDICANUTE. See Hardecanute. HAR'DIE, James Allen (1823-76). An Aiiievirnii soldier, born in New York City. He graduated at West Point in 1843. and during the Mexican War was the military commandant of San Francisco. During the Peninsular. ]fary- land, and Rappahannock campaigns of the Civil War he was acting adiutant-gcner;il of the .Army of the Pntomac. and on November 29. 1862, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. In
