HARLOW. 569 HABMODIUg. ■was less successful in historical painting, though several of his pictures of this kind showed strong points. In 1818 he visited Italy to study the old masters, and was very cordially received in Koine, where he worked assiduously', and made great progress. Soon after his return to England in 1810 he was seized with an acute throat atl'ec- tion which caused his death in less than a month. Harlow was an artist of great promise, who died before the full development of his pow- ers. His works, notwithstanding defects of judg- ment and immaturity, have vital qualities of excellence. Among them are a group of portraits of Cliarles Jlathews, the actor; "Queen Elizabeth Striking the Earl of Essex," "The Earl of Boling- broke Entering London," "The Trial of Queen Catherine," and "Wolsey Receiving the Cardinal's Hat in Westminster Abbey." HAR'LOWE, Glaeissa. The heroine of Rich- ardson's llistorii uf Clarissa UarJowc. To escape a distasteful marriage she puts herself under the protection of a lover, who proves unworthy of her confidence. He oilers to marry her to atone for his crime, but she refuses, and dies of shame broken-hearted. HARMACHIS, hiir'nia-kis (Egyptian Hor- mtiik]i. Horus in the two horizons). An Egyp- tian god, a manifestation of Horus (q.v. ). Ac- cording to certain inscriptions, the gigantic Spliinx (q.v.) near the pyramids of Gizeh, per- haps a work of Cliephren (q.v.), represented this god, but he is usually represented in the fonu of a hawk. HAR'MALIN AND HAR'MIN (from Neo- Lat. harmaJa, from Ar. harinal, Syrian rue). Two vegetable bases occurring in the husk of the seeds of the Pcr/anum lianiiala, or Syrian rue, a plant that grows abundantlj' in the steppes of Southern Russia. Harmaiin, C„H,,NaO, when pure, crystallizes in colorless prisms. Harniin, C'jjHijNaO, crystallizes in delicate prisms. The red coloring matter known in commerce as har- mnla red is obtained from the seeds of the same plant. The Peganii^n harmala belongs to the nat- ural order Zygopliyllaceae. It is a half-shrubby plant, with smooth linear pinnate or bipinnate leaves, and solitary white flowers. The seeds are used by the Turks as a spice. HAR'MAR, JosiAH (1753-1813). An Ameri- can soldier, born in Philadelphia, Pa., and edu- cated at the Quaker School of Robert Proud. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War he entered the patriot army as captain in a Pennsylvania regiment. He became its colonel in 1777, was ]3romoted in 1783 to be brevet colonel in the first United States regiment. Iiecame brevet brigadier- general in 1787, and on September 20, 1789, was made commander-in-chief, of the United States Army. In order to punish the Indian tribes of the Northwest, who had been incited to hostilities by British agents, an expedition under the command of Harmar was sent out from Fort Washington, on the site of the present Cincin- nati, in 1700. He indicted considerable damage in desolating the country through which lie passed ; but in a battle with the Jliamis. fought in September of that year, the main body of troops was left unsupported in consei|uencp of an advance sortie of the cavalry and some militia, and after a severe defeat the expedition returned to Fort Washington. Harmar resigned his com- mission in 1792, and from 1793 till 1700 was adjutant-general of Pennsylvania. HARMAT'TAN (through the Arabic; prob- ably from llic native name). A very dry wind along the west coast of Northern Africa from the Culf of Guinea to Sencgambia. This wind blows from the interior of Northern Africa or the Desert of Sahara soutliward and westward, and is felt over the Atlantic Ocean to a considerable dis- tance from the coast. It prevails esjiecially dur- ing December, January, and February, with occa- sional occurrences in November and -Marcli. On the Gold Coast it blows from the northeast in the night-time, but from the southeast at mid- day. During its prevalence the sk_y is cloudless and the regular diurnal variations of tempera- ture are large; the morning minimum tempera- tures are lower and the mid-day maximum tem- peratures slightly higher; the relative humidity- is from 25 to 50 per cent, below the normal, and this drj-ness produces rapid evaporation and a profound sensation of coldness. The barometric pressure is slightly higher during the first part of the Harmattan, and the wind, when once started, lasts for several days, or in extreme cases for several weeks. Vegetation is dried up very much as in the case of the dry winds of California and the plains on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. The natives, being thinly clad, can prevent the skin from cracking and keep it soft and pliable only by anointing the body with oils or fats. A peculiar whitish haze usually accompanies the Harmattan; this is due to the presence of an immense number of fragments of the microscopic shells of diatoms, together with other foreign matter floating in the air. As seen through tliis haze the sun and moon have a reddish tint. This diatoniaceous dust is undoubtedly brought by the wind from the interior, possibly from the desert itself. The Harmattan wind is usually cool and dry, but in a few localities it is warm and diT. Evervthing points to the fact that it is a descending wind blowing out from under the great area of moderately high ])ressure that prevails over the Sudan, and toward an area of moderately low pressure temporarily prevailing over the equatorial part of the At- lantic Ocean. This wind blowing from the- Sudan northward toward Europe becomes the Sirocco of Italy. The same wind blowing over the desert itself and carrying great clouds of sand gives rise to the Simoom. The cool, dry. cloudless weather and hazy horizon that prevail occasionally in the ea.stern portion of the United States, and especially in the dry months of Cali- fornia, are analogous to the African Harmattan. HARMENOPTTLOS, hiir'men-op'u-los, KoN- STANTixos (C.1320-C.1380). A Byzantine jurist, an Imperial counselor under Kantakuzenos and John Palicologus and later a judge in Thessalo- nica. His Promptuarhim Juris (edited by Heim- bach, 1851) had much use through the Middle Ages and has a certain value still. Consult Dirk- sen, Das RcrJitshuch des narmcnnpiiJos (1S47). HARMO'DIUS A>rD AR'ISTOGI'TON fLat., from (ik. 'Afifti'ir)/or^ ^Aptf7TnyFiTt.ii'). Twci .tlionian citizens, of the family of the Gephyrivi. llar- modius was a beautiful youth wlio ardently loved his relaiivp Aristogiton. Hipparchus. son of the tyrant Pisistratus. endeavored to separate- the two friends and to secure the friendship of
