HARMONY OF THE SPHERES. 577 HARNACK. the ancients that the motions of the stars and planets produce a kind of music, which they called the harmony of the spheres. They at- tributed this music to the various proportionate impressions of the heavenly bodies on one an- other acting at proper intervals. HARMS, harms, Fkiedrich (1819-80). A Ciermau philosopher, whose concept of philosophy as the science of the absolute approaches Fichte. He was born at Kiel, and educated there and in Berlin. In 1848 lie was appointed professor at Kiel, and in 1SG7 at Berlin. His writings are critical and historical, rather than constructive, and, although marked by depth of thought, fail in clearness of style. Among them are: Der A}ithroiiologismus seitKant (1845) ; Prolegomena ziir Pliilosophie (1852) ; Die Pliilosophic Fichtes (18G2); Schopeiihiiicrs Philosopliie (1874) ; Die Pliilosophie scit Kant (187G) ; Vcher den lieyriff der Wahrheit (1876); Die Formen der Ethik (1878); iletaphysik (1885), Logik (1886), Ethik (1898), yaturphilosophie (1895). Psjj- chologie (1897), all edited by Wiese; and Begriff, Formen und Orundlegung der Rechtsphilosophis (1889). HARMS, KXAUS (1778-1855). A distin- guished German theologian. He was born May 25, 1778, at Fahrstedt. In 1797 he went to the gymnasium at Meldorf, and in 1799 to the Uni- versity of Kiel. After supporting himself as family tutor from 1802 till 1800, he was ap- pointed Deacon of Lunden, whence he was called in 1816 to Kiel, as archdeacon and afternoon preacher in the Nikolai Church. Next year, shortly before the tricentenary of the Refor- mation in Germany, he issued, in defense of Protestant orthodoxy, ninety-five theses, under the title. Das sind die 95 Theses oder Streitsdtze Dr. Luthers (Eng. trans, of most of them in Lutheran Church Review, 1889). These pro- duced a deep impression throughout Germany, and brought him a call to be bishop of the eon- sistorj' about to be instituted for the Protestant Church of Russia. This, as well as a call in 1834 to succeed Schleiermacher in Trinity Church, Berlin, Harms refused. In 1835 he was made chief pastor and provost in Kiel, but was com- pelled to resign in 1849, in consequence of an attack of almost total blindness. The rest of his life was spent in retirement, devoted to literary activity. He died in Kiel February 1, 1855. Harms's published works are chiefly sermons, which may be reckoned among the best specimens of modern pulpit eloquence in Germany. Of these, the most famous are his Winterpostille (1808, 6th ed. 1846), and Hommerpostille (1815, 6th ed. 1846), to which a new series was added — yeue Winterpostille (1826), and AViie Sommer- postille (1827). Consult: Dorner. Blatter der Erinnerung an das Jubiliium von Harms (Kiel, 1842) : Harms' Lrhrnshrschreihung verfasst von ihm selhst (ib.. 1851. 2d ed. 1852) ; and for his life. Volbehr (Kiel. 1878). HARMSWORTH, Alfred Charles (1865 — ). An English editor, born at Chapelizod. near Dublin. He was educated under a private tutor and at the Stamford Grammar School, and in 1882 joined the staff of the Illustrated London News. In 1888 he started the weekly journal Answers; in 1894 secured control of the London Evening News; and two years later founded the London Daily Mail. In 1898 he began the publi- cation of Harmsworth's Magazine. He is [itr- haps most widely known in connection with tlic; .hickson-Harmsw'orth Arctic Expedition of 1894, which he equipped. In December, 1900, he vis- ited the I'nited States, and while there brought out a special issue of a New York newspaper to illustrate his theory of what a paper of the fu- ture would be. Its form was that of a 32-page quarto magazine. HARNACK, har'nak, Adolf (1851—). The foremost of living Church historians. He was born at Dorpat, Russia, May 7, 1851 ; educated at the university there (1869-72); became privat- docent at Leipzig ( 1874) , professor extraordinary of Church history there in 1876; ordinary profes- sor of Church history at Giessen (1879), at ilar- burg ( 1886) , and at IJerlin ( 1889) . He is a man of strong and inspiring personality, and his lectures at Berlin are attended by hundreds of students from both Europe and America. His editorial ac- tivity has been great, as is attested by the facts that "since 1881 he has edited with E. Schiirer the Theologische Litteraturzeitung, a semi-monthly critical review (Leipzig, 1876, sqq.), and since 1882 with O. von Gebhardt the Texte und XJnter- suchungen zitr Geschi-chte der altehristlichcn Lit- teratur (Leipzig, 1882-1902), a series of learned monographs (22 volumes) to which he also con- tributes. He also joined Von Gebhardt and T. Zalin in bringing out Patrum Apostoliconim Opera (Leipzig, 1875-77, 3 vols.). But his fame chiefly rests upon his separate publications, some of which are: Zur Quellenkritik der Gesehichte des Gnosti- cismus (1873); Die Zeit des Ignatius (1878); Das Monehtum (1881, 5th ed. 1901; tr.ans. Mo- nasticism: Its Ideals and Its History, 1895; with article on The Confessions of Saint Augus- tine, 1901) ; Martin Luther in seiner Bedeutung fi'tr die Gesehichte der ^yi.^isenschaft und der Bil- dung (1883, 3d ed. 1901); Lehrbuch der Dog- mengeschiehte (1886-90, 3d ed. 1894-97; Eng. trans.. History of Dogma, 1895-1900) ; Grundriss der Dogmengeschich'te (1889, 3d cd. 1898); Das apostolische Glaubensbekenntniss {I8i)2, 27th ed. 1897; trans.. The Apostle-^' Creed, 1901) ; Ge- sehichte der altchristlichen Litteratur his Euse- bius: vol. i.. Die Veberlieferung und der Bestand der altchristlichen Litteratur (1893) ; vol. ii.. Die Chronologic der Litteratur his Ireniius (1897); Das Christentum und die Gesehichte (1895, 4th ed. 1897; trans., Christianity and History, 2d ed. 1901) ; Das Wesen des Christen- tums (1900: trans.. What is Christianity? 1901) ; Vorstudien zu einer Gesehichte der Ver- breitung des Christentums in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten (1901). HARNACK, Axel (1851-88). A German mathematician, son of Theodosius Harnack (q.v.), and twin brother to Adolf Harnack. Born at Dorpat, he studied there (1869-73), and then at Erlangen and Munich. He was privat-docent at Leipzig in 1876, professor in the Polytechnic In- stitute at Darmstadt, and then at Dresden. Be- sides several contributions to the Mathematische Annalen (vols, ix., x.. xii., xiii.. xiv.. xvii.. xix., xxi.). he wrote: Elemente der Differential- und Integralrechtung (1881) and Grundlagen der Theorie des loqarithmischen Potentials und der Potcntialfunktion in der Ehene (1888). Con.sult
