HASENAUEB. 616 HASKINS. jiiivate palaces built by him, the Palais Liitzow is to be noticed as one of the finest houses in Vienna, but liis most important work was the erection of the magnificent Imperial iluseums of Art and Natural History (1872-91) in purest Renaissance style, after his own and Semper's designs. He also built the new Hofburg theatre (completed 18S8), and designed the addition to the Imperial palace. He was architect for the buildings of the Vienna Exposition in 1873, and was raised In a baronetcy in the same year. HASENCLEVEB, ha'zen-kla'ver, Johann Peter (1810-53). A German painter, born at Remscheid. He studied under Schadow, at the Diisseldorf Academy, and then spent some years in Munich and Italy. After 1842 he settled in Diisseldorf. His works are usually humorous genre subjects, such as "A Family Quarrel" (1837, New Pinakothek, Munich); "Tasting Wine," and "The Reading Room" ( 1843, both in National Gallery, Berlin) ; "Topers in the Wine- cellar" (1847, Ravene Gallery, Berlin). He also executed a series of scenes from Kortum's Job- siade, including "The Examination" ( 1840, New Pinakothek. Munich); "The School" (1846, Ra- veng Gallery, Berlin) ; and Jobs as Night Watchman" '( 1852, ib.). His "Gaming- Table" is his most important work of a serious nature. He was also successful in portraiture. HASENCXEVER, Wilhelm (1837-89). A tierman socialist agitator, born in Arnsberg, Westphalia. He received his education at the gj'mnasium of his native city, and then became a tanner. In 1862 he was chosen editor of the Westfiiliache Volkszeitung, in 1871 president of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein. and in 1875 presiding officer of the newly organized Socialist -Labor Party of Germany. He was elected to the Reichstag several times, and con- trolled or edited various socialist newspapers. HASENPFIiTJG, hil'zcn-pflooG, Karl (1802- 58). A German architectural painter, born in Berlin, the son of a shoemaker. After a hard struggle in early life, he became the pupil of the decorative painter Karl Gropius, and a few years later was enabled by a royal stipend to study at the academy, but really owed his development mostly to "his own efforts. Attracted by the ]iiedia>val architecture of Halberstadt, he made his home there in 1830. and. besides cathedrals, painted chiefly views of ruined castles and con- vents half buried in snow, which appealed to a large public by their great poetic charm. Espe- cially noteworthy among his works are two views of Cologne Cathedral (1832-33); Erfurt Cathe- dral (1827) ; and three views of and in Halber- stadt Cathedral (1828-36, the last four in Na- tional Gallery. Berlin) : "Cloister in Winter" (1840, Kunsthalle. Hamburg) ; "Media-val Castle Yard" (1842. Schwerin Gallery); and "Ruined Chapel" (Stettin Museum). HASEK, ha'zer, Heinrich (1811-85). A German medical author, born at Rome, the son of the musician, August Ferdinand Hiiser. He studied medicine at Jena; taught there from 1836 to 1840. then went to Greifswald. and in 1862 to Breslau. He edited: Gruner. Hrriptnrrs de Hudore Anqlico (1847) ; a Bihliotlircn Epide- miofiraphica (2d ed. 1862) ; the Reprrlnrium fiir die qesamte Medizin (1840-42) ; and the ArcMv fiir die gesamte Medizin (1840-49) ; and wrote: // isturisch-palholoyisclic Untersuchuiiyen ( 1839- 41 ) ; Ijcltrbtich der (Jcsclticiite dcr MvUiziii und der
olkskrankheiten (3d ed. 1875-82) ; (IvsvlUchie
der ohristlichen Krankcnp/legc und I'fkgersckaf- ten (1857); Die Vacvinution und iltrc Gegner (1854) ; and Grundriss der (iesehichtv der Medi- zin (1884). HASHISH, hash'esh (Ar. Iwshlsliut, from Ar. hashish, herbage, hay, from liaslisha, to cut grass). The Oriental name of the tops and ten- der parts of Indian hemp (Cannabis Indica). Various preparations of the plant arc employed for the producing of a peculiar intoxication. A favorite mode of extracting its active principle is by boiling the tops and flowers with water to which butter or oil has been added, evaporat- ing, and thus forming an oleaginous solution or fatty extract. This fatty extract is frequently mi.xed with other substances which are reputed to possess aphrodisiac properties, and is taken in the form of electuary confection, or pastil. The majoon used at Calcutta, the mapouchari em- ployed at Cairo, and the dawames or dawamesk of the Arabs, are preparations of this kind. In India it is emplo.yed as a narcotic stimulant un- der the names hashish, churrus lihang. and gun- jah. American hemp (Cannabis Americana) pos- sesses a similar but weaker action. The effect of hashish depends largely upon the individual. Among the Orientals the dreams are often of an erotic character, but this is not so among the Western nations. One of the first appreciable efTects of the drug is the gradual weakening of the power of controlling and directing of the thoughts. Then comes the stage alreadj' de- scribed; and accompanying, and in part following it, there are observed errors of sense, false con- victions, and the predominance of one or more extravagant ideas. These ideas and convictions are generally not altogether of an imaginary character, but are suggested by externa) impres- sions which are erroneously interpreted by the pei'ceptive faculties. A minute may seem a year, and an hour only an instant. Sounds may be greatly exaggerated. The sense of duration of time and extent of space and the appreciation of personality are lost; there is a sensation of weight in the extremities, and an.tsthesia of the skin, which may often become complete. Final- ly, if the dose is sufficiently powerful, there is marked drowsiness and sleep. The drug is used as a sedative as a substitute for opium. For the relief of pain in neuralgia and migraine it has been successfully used. HAS'ID^'ANS. A Jewish sect. See Chasi- nni. HAS'KELL. A town and the county-seat of Haskell County, Tex.. 16 miles north of Stam- ford, the nearest railroad station (Map: Texas. E 3). The leading industries are farming and stock-raising. Population, about 1000. HAS'KrWS, Charles Homer (1870—). An American historical scholar, born at Meadville, Pa. He graduated at the Johns Hopkins University in 1887, where he remained as an instructor in history until 1800. when he took his Ph.D. degree, and accepted a position as instructor at the Uni- versity of Wisconsin. In 1S91 he became assist- ant professor of history, and in 1802 was elect«d professor of institutional history, which chair he retained until 1902. He spent 'the year 1896-07 in research work in Europe, devoting himself
