HAYYTJG. 669 HAZE. yinning of the eleventh centurj". His two im- |)orlant grammatical works are: The Book of Verbs ■with Weak Letters, and The Book of Verhs Containing Doubled Letters, which are intended to illustrate his theory. In addition, he prepared a monograph on Punctuation, setting forth the features of the Hebrew vowel system. Of a fourth grammatical work only fragments have been found. Consult Jastrow's edition of Hayjug's treatises on Weak and Geminative Vfrhs in Hebrew (Leyden,. 1S97) . HAZAEAS, ha-zil'raz. A semi-independent and partially nomadic people, of Mongolian an- cestry-, in the region between Herat and Kabul, Afghanistan, into which country they are said to have come, in the fourteenth centurj', in the wake of the great Jlongolian movement of Genghis Khan. They profess Islam, the Hazaras proper to the east being Shiites, the western Hazaras, or Aimak (i.e. 'horde'), as they are sometimes called, Sunnites. Their language has been not a little influenced by Persian. HAZARD (OF. hazard, hasard, Fr. hasard, from Sp. azar, unlucky throw of dice, misfortune, ace of dice, from Ar. al, the + zUr, from Pers. zdr, die). A game of dice, formerly very popu- lar in England, where it is played both for amuse- ment and for purposes of gambling. In the lat- ter respect, however, a frequent player, by his knowledge of the peculiarities of the game, has the beginner at a considerable disadvantage. The game is played with two dice. The 'main/ which is called by the 'caster,' may be either 5, G, 7, 8, or 9. Should he (the caster) throw the number called — or, supposing 6 or 8 is the main, he throws 12 — he is said to 'nick,' and thus defeats his opponent, who is stj-led the 'setter.' The caster loses when, for instance, he throws 2, 3, or 12, when 7 is the main; but should he throw any other numbers ( for example, when 7 is the main, and he throws 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, or 10) he has a 'chance,' which permits him to continue throw- ing until either the 'main' or the 'chance' is thrown. The game is decided in favor of the 'caster' if the 'chance' is thro^vn first ; and in favor of the 'setter' should the 'main' be the first thrown. HAZ'ARD, Cakoline (1856—). An Ameri- can educator, born at Peacedale, R. I. She was educated privately in the United States and abroad, contributed reviews, essays, and verse to nagazines. published several volumes, and in 1899 was elected president of Wellesley College (Wellesley, Mass.). Her works include 'Narra- gansett Ballads (1894), and The Narragansett Friends' Meeting (1899). HAZARD, a'zar', D^siBfi. A nom-de-plume of Octave Feuillet (q.v.). HAZ'ARD, Ebenezeb (1744-1817). An American author, born in Philadelphia, and edu- cated at Princeton. He went into the publishing business in New York in 1770. but left it five years later for a Government position, and from 1782 to 1789 was Postmaster-General. In 1791 he was once more in business — this time in Phila- delphia, where he helped to establish the North American Insurance Company. Besides giving literary assistance in the compilation of two his- tories and a biblical translation, he published Tlisloricnl Cnllections (2 vols.. 1792-94), and a bot)k about the Indians, in whose spiritual wel- fare Mr. Hazard took much interest. But his most valuable literary remains are the letters in the possession of the Massachusetts Historical Society. HAZARD, Rowland Gibson (1801-88). An American manufacturer and author. He accu- mulated a fortune in the woolen business at Peacedale, R. I., and was for three terms a mem- ber of the State Legislature. Among his writings are: Essays on Language: Its Connection with the Constitution and I'rospects of Man (1830) ; on The Resojirces of the United Slates (1804) ; and two letters addressed to John Stuart Mill, on Causation and Freedom in Willi)ig (1809). His granddaughter, Caroline Hazard, has edited a collected edition of his works in four volumes. HAZE. Any comparatively slight obscuration of distinct vision due to the opacity of any me- dium, such as the atmosphere, through which the object is seen. The thickest haze in the at- mosphere obscures the light of the sun to such an e.Ktent that his disk is but just distinguishable from the surrounding background ; any greater obscuration than this is usually spoken of as cloud. This hazy efTect may be produced in sev- eral ways : ( 1 ) When the air is filled with small masses of very dilTerent densities, such as rising; currents of hot air and descending currents of cold air over a heated soil. In this case the beam, of light is by refraction broken up and difi'used so that a hazy effect, or even complete opacity, may be produced, as in a mixture of air-bubbles and water. Such a mixture is also partly opaque to sound. The haze thus produced is ordinarily spoken of as heat-haze. (2) Tlie ordinary hazy effect in the atmosphere produced by the pres- ence of foreign particles, either solid or liquid. Minute particles of ice or water form an aejueous haze; all other material is included under the term diist-haze. The dust is raised from the ground by strong wind, by currents of hot air, and especially by volcanic eruptions ; particles of salt left by the evaporation of salty water also produce dust-haze. The most delicate dust-haze is produced by myriads of shells and fragments of shells of diatoms and other microscopic forms of life living in fresh-water ponds and in marshes that are dried up at certain seasons of the year. The principal source of this dust is the interior of North Africa, whence it is carried outward in all directions, but especially westward and south- ward by dry Harmattan winds. A red dust-haze of a much coarser grade is carried by southerly winds from Northern Africa over into Europe, and in rare cases, as in March, 1901, this is car- ried to Northern Germany and England. Over India a cloud of yellowish dust-haze rises day by day higher and higher during the dry season, attaining a general level of from 20no" to 4000 feet, above which the air is comparativelv clear. Dust-clouds of less extent are formed over the loess formations of China and North America. The great clouds of smoke from prairie and forest fires, as they subside, leave a hazy atmosphere due to the presence of fine particles of carbon, and it appears likely that each of these gathers to itself a special atmosphere of aqueous vapor, just as spongy platinum absorbs hydrogen. This haze occurs during Indian summer in America, and is kno-mi as the Moor-Rauch in Europe. The finest dust-haze ordinarily produces a whit- ish or grayish tint in the slcv; coarser particles produce buff and reddish tints. When the dust particles are exceedingly small and of regular
