GORKY. 53 GORMAN. GOR'KY, Maxim (properly Alexei JIaximo- vrrcu I'YSSHKOFF) ( lyiJ.S — ). A Russian au- thor, born at Xizhni-Novgorod. In Southern and Southeastern Kussia he passed from one employment to another, being at various times a shoemaker's apprentice, a gardener, a ship's cook, a baker, a porter, and a lawyer's clerk. Finally he became a tramp, and as such traveled over the greater part of Russia. JMaterial for his subsequent literary work was derived from these e.xperiences among the proletariat and vagabond classes, of whose life and thought he is the inter- preter. His story "Makar Chudra" appeared in the Tiflis Kavkas in 1892, and was followed by a rapid series of works, of which Foiiid Gonli/cefl' (Eng. trans, by I. F. Hapgood. ll)()2; German by C. Brauner, 1901), an international success, was the most noteworthy. This volume, in its gifted style, its unrelieved tragedy, its emphasis rather upon character delineation than plot, is characteristic of Gorky's manner. Gor- ky's collected works appeared at Saint Peters- burg in 1901 (5 vols.). Gennan translations are accessible bv Feofanoff (vols, i.-iii., Leipzig, 1901-02), Schol'z (vols, i.-vi., Berlin, 1901-02). and Jakotieff and Berger (vols, i., ii., Leipzig, 1901). There is a study of Gorky in Russian, by Bozyanovsky (Saint Petersburg. 1901). and a volume of critical essays on his work by the same author, also in Russian (Saint Petersburg, 1901). GORLITZ, ger'lits. A town in the Prussian Province of Silesia, capital of the circle of Giir- litz, situated on the Neisse, 62 miles by rail east of Dresden (Map: Prussia, F 3). It has still retained in part its old fortifications. There are extensive modern quarters. Chief among the ec- clesiastical buildings of Gorlitz is the large Prot- estant Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, originally built in the thirteenth century, re- built in the fifteenth century, and partly renovat- ed after a fire at the end of the seventeenth. The church is a good specimen of late Gothic style, and has a fine ciypt and two modern towers. Other noteworthy churches are the late Gothic Frauenkirche, dating from the fifteenth centurj- ; the Trinity, or Abbey. Church, dating from 1245 and restored in 1868; and the new Protestant Church, consecrated in 1901. The sightly Rat- haus. built in the Gothic and early Renaissance styles, has a remarkable staircase and fine ex- amples of wood-carving. A massive bastion of the fifteenth century, well worthy of attention, is . now used as a guai'dhouse. Many fine ex- amples of Renaissance architecture are also found among the private dwellings, and there are nu- merous monuments and fountains. The attrac- tive municipal park contains statues and a bo- tanical garden. The administration of Gorlitz is vested in a chief burgomaster, a burgomaster, a board of magistrates of seventeen, and a municipal coun- cil of sixty members. The town has a good water- supply, and is lighted by gas and electricity. Among the educational institutions, the most prominent are the two RcaJpiininasifit and one classical gj'mnasium, the seminary for female teachers, the municipal museum of antiquities, the municipal theatre, the municipal libran*. contain- ing many vahiable manuscripts and incunabula, and the library of the Upper Lusatian Scientific Society, with more than 60.000 volumes, manu- scripts, and collections of minerals and copper engravings. The city is well ■ provided with benevolent institutions, as well as with art and scientific organizations. It is one of the most important industrial points of Silesia. The lead- ing manufactures are cloth goods. There are also produced railway supplies, machinery, gold and silver wares, toys, cigars, and .sausages. The retail trade is carried on to a large extent by co- operative stores. Population, in 1890, 62,1.3.5; i in 1900, 80,931; mostly Protestants. The vicin- ity is interesting for its fine views. Gorlitz, which bears the name of a Slavic vil- lage near which it arose, was founded about 1200. It received Magdeburg rights in 1303, and joined the league of the six towns of Upper Lusatia in 1346. From 1377 to 1396 it was the capital of the Duchy of Gorlitz. In 1035 it passed to Saxony, and was annexed to Prussia in 1815. GORLITZ TRIAL, The. A famous trial held in 1850 at Darmstadt, Germany, and pertaining to the ni.ysterious death of a Countess Gorlitz. It was asserted that her death was due to sjjon- taneous combustion. Liebig and Bischoft", called upon to give e.xpert testimony in this case, de- clared that under no circumstances could a body in which the blood is circulating take fire. Con- sult Graff, "Ueber die Tode.sart der Griifin Gorlitz, jiebst Gegenbeweis von Bischotf," in Henkes,, Zf/t- sclirift fiir die Staatsarzneikiinde (1850). GORMAN, Artiuik Pue. United States Sena- tor, born in Howard County, Maryland, March II, 1839. At the age of 13, he became a page in the United States Senate and so continued for fourteen years. He then was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in the Fifth District of Jlai-j'land, an office which he held from 1866 to 1809. In that year he was made general super- intendent of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, and in 1872 its president, an office which he still holds. For more than thirty years he has been a conspicuous leader of the Demo- cratic party, both in the affairs of IMaryland and in those of the United States. He was elected to the House of Delegates in Maryland in 1870, and by reelection he held the office vintil 1875, during the last part of his term serving as the Speaker. From 1875 to 1881 he was State Senator. He was then elected United States Senator and con- tinued in that office until- 1899. After three years of private life, he was again elected to the Senate in 1902. He led the opposition to the Force Bill in 1889, and was one of the Demo- cratic Senators who remodeled the Wilson Tariff Bill in 1894. GORMAN, Willis Arnold (1814-76). An American politician and soldier, born near Flem- ingsburg. Ky. He was educated in law at the University of Indiana, was admitted to the bar in 1825. practiced law for a number of years, served first as a major and then as a colonel in the Mexican War, commanding a battalion in the battle of Buena Vista, and for a time acted as civil and militaiy Governor of Puebla. Subse- quently, he was Democratic member of Congress from 1849 to 1853: was Territorial Governor of Minnesota from 1853 to 1857; and practiced law at Saint Paul from 1857 to 1801. On the out- break of the Civil War. he entered the Federal Army as a colonel of ]Iinnesota volunteers, be- came a brigadier-general of volunteers in Sep- tember^ 1801, and participated as such in the battles of Fair Oaks, South Jlountain, and Antie-
