GORTCHAKOFF. 55 GORTON. land, until it was taken by storm. — Prince Dmi- tri GoRTcn.KOFF (175G-1824) was a celebrated Russian poet, and wrote odes, satires, and epis- tles. — Prince Alexander Gortchakoff ( 17G4- 182.5) served under liis uncle SuvarotT in Turkey and Poland, displayed great coui-age at the cap- ture of Prasa. a suburb of Warsaw, and was made lieutenant-genei-al in 179^. In the cam- paign of 1709 he commanded luider Korsakoff at Zurieli. He was subsequently made Military Governor of Viborg, repulsed Marshal Lannes at Heilsberg, and commanded the right wing of the Russian army at the battle of Friedland ( 18071. Appointed Minister of War in 1812, he filled this post to the end of the French war. when he was made general of infantry, and member of the Imperial Council. — Prince Axdrei Gortchakoff ( 17G8-1S55) served in 1790 as major-general under Suvaroft' in Italy, and commanded, in 1812. a division of grenadiers at Borodino, where he was wounded. In tlie campaign of lSl.3-14 he com- manded the First Corps of Russian infantry, and distinguished himself at Leipzig and Paris. He was made general of infantry in 1819, and in 1828 retired from active service. — Prince Peter Gortchakoff (1790-1808) sened in the cam- paigns of 1813 and 1814 in Caucasia under Gen- eral Yermoloff. He took part in the Russo- Turkish War of 1828-29, and was one of the signers of the preliminaries to the Treaty of Adrianople. In 184.'! lie was appointed Goveraor- CJeneral of Western Siberia, and occupied that important post until 1851. when he retired from active life. On the outbreak of the Crimean War, however, he offered his sein"ices, which were accepted : and at the battle of the Alma he com- manded the left wing of the Russians. He also took part in the liattle of Inkennan. — Prince Mikhail Gortchakoff ( 179.)-18iil ). brother of Peter, began his military career as an officer of artillery; and distinguished himself in 1828 at the siege of Silistria and at Shumla. In 1831 he gave proofs of extraordinary valor in the battle of Ostrolenka and at the taking of War- saw. He was appointed general of artillery in 1843. and Military Governor of Warsaw in 1846. In 18.53 he commanded the Russian forces in the Danubian Provinces, crossed the Danube at Brai- la, March 23, 18.54. occupied the frontier region of Bessarabia, and in 185.5 directed the defense of Sebastopol. As a reward for his services in this rmsuccessful but still brilliant defense, Prince Gortchakoff was appointed by the Em|ieror Alex- ander II. Governor of the Kingdom of Poland, and was for several years a wise and conciliatory representative of his vouthful Emperor at War- saw. He died Jlay 30. 18<jl. Prince Alexander ^Iikhailovitch Gortcha- koff (1798-188.3). a cousin of the preceding, en- tered the diplomatic service and became one of the most skillful and influential diplomats in Europe. He was an attache in the suite of Count Nesselrode at the congresses of Laibach and Ve- rona, secretary of the Russian embassy in Lon- don in 1824. charge d'affaires at Florence in 1829, counselor of the Russian Embassy at Vienna in 1832. and in 1841 was sent as Plenipo- tentiary to Stuttgart, where he negotiated the marriage of the Grand Duchess Olga. daughter of Emperor Nicholas, with Crown Prince Charles of Wiirttemberg. He was accredited Ambassador to the German Bundestag at Frankfort in 18.50. and there first met Bismarck. He represented Russia at Vienna from 1854 to 1850, and so con- ducted affairs that Alexander II. made him Min- ister of Foreign Affairs on the retirement of Nesselrode, April 15, 185(), At the very outset hostility to Austria seemed to be the inijjelling motive of his policy. "Austria," he declared, "is no State, only a Government," and he shaped his jiolicy in accordance with his dictum, after the disastrous issue of the Crimean War, "La Russio ne boude pas, elle se rccueille" ("Russia bears no grudge; she collects herself"). He was un- questionably successful in restoring the prestige of Russia. In 1863 he was made Chancellor of the Empire. During the Civil War in the United States he maintained a friendly attitude toward the North, a fact which restrained France and England i'rom open countenance of the Con- federacy. By bringing Russia into accord with Prussia in 1803 he was able to resist the at- tempted interferences of foreign powers in behalf of the Polish iu.surgents. He cultivated friendly relations with Bismarck while the latter was Prussian Ambassador at Saint Petersburg, and the good understanding between the two govern- ments made possible the attainment of German imity through Prussia's drastic course, while Russia reaped her reward by being enabled to break the terms of the Peace of Paris in regard to the neutrality of the Black Sea. After 1873 Gortchakoff ceased to view with favor the much talked of alliance of the three Em- perors, because of the increasing power of Germany. He was the guiding spirit of Rus- sian policy in the war with Turkey in 1877-78, and the diplomatic consequences of that war widened the breach between the two great chan- cellors and their governments. Gortchakoff felt that Russia had been deserted by Germany in the negotiations at Berlin, and he never forgot it. He was the author of the Franco-Russian entente, to wdiich Bismarck responded by the Triple Alliance. De Giers succeeded Gortchakoff' as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1882, but the latter remained Chancellor until his death at Baden-Baden, Jlarch 11, 1883. Prince Gort- chakoff's biography, by Charles Marvin, was published in London (1887). Some interesting observations on Gortchakoff and his diplomatic methods are to be found in Bismarck's Autobiog- raphy, translated by Butler (New York, 1899). Consult also Klaczko, The Ttco Ch<tncellor.'<, translated by Tait (New York, 1876). See Russia: Russo-Turkisii War, GOR'TON. A suburban municipality of Jlan- chcster (q.v.) , Lancashire, England. Population, in 1891, 15.200; in 1901, 26,550. GORTON', S.4MUEL (1600-77). An English sectary. He was born at Gorton, Lancashire, near Manchester, apprenticed to a London cloth- ier, adopted radical religious opinions, and left for Boston in 1636. Here he became involved in disputes on religious topics, went to Plymouth, and began to preach ; but he was looked upon as a heretic, required to furnish sureties for his good conduct, and went to Rhode Island. At Aquidneck (now Newport) he was publicly whipped for insulting the clergy and magistrates. He found protection at Providence with Roger Williams (1641). Thence in 1042 he went to the other side of Narragansett Bay, and bought the lands owned by the Indian chief Miantonomo at Shawometj now Old Warwick. His claim was
