THORWALDSEN. 250 THOTHMES. Copenhagen in 1820 and, having arranged at Warsaw for the erection of liis equestrian statue of Prince Poniatowski and the Copernicus Monu- ment, returned to Konie, where lie devoted himself zealously to his new commissions. To these were added the "Mon'ument to Pope Pius VII." (completed and placed in Saint Peter's in 1831), and the statue of Lord Byron (completed 1835 and since 1845 in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge). A statue of "Hope," or- dered in 1818 and completed 1829, adorns the tomb of the Humboldt family in the park at Tegel. near ISerlin. In 1825 Thorwaldsen was elected president of the Accadcmia di Sail Luca in Rome, notwith- standing the objections to him as a Prote.stant. When, in 1830, he went to Munich to superin- tend the erection of his statue of "Duke Eugene of Leuehtenberg," in Saint Michael's Church, he was received by King Louis with the great- est distinction and at once given the commission for an equestrian statue of the "Elector Maxi- milian I.," the first instance in which he repre- sents an historical personage in the costume of the time. This was done most successfully in the statue of "Conradin, Last of the Hohenstaufen," in Santa Maria del Carmine, at Naples. Be- sides some reliefs of antique subjects, he pro- duced in the thirties the figure of a "Young Dancer" (1837, Palazzo Torlonia) and a colossal statue of "Vulcan," one of his last works done in Rome. In 1838, at the invitation of the King, he re- turned to his native country. The simple wood- carver's son was conducted thither like a reign- ing sovereign in a royal Danish frigate. Besides his monumental tasks for the Fruekirke, it was principally reliefs from Greek mythology that now claimed his attention, and in the spring of 1841 he repaired once more to Rome to finish some subjects he had left behind. His journey through Germany was a triumphal progress, and after one ,year in Rome he returned to Copen- hagen, devoting himself to work in relief. The pieces laiown as "Christmas Joy in Heaven," "The Rape of Hylas," and the famous "Four Sea- sons" are the most remarkable. He died at the theatre, on March 24. 1844, and was escorted to his burial place with princely honors, the entire royal family attending the funeral. His native city erected to lier great son a worthy monument in the Thorwaldsen Museum, in which all his works, in the original or in plaster models, his sketches and studies, and his art collections are preserved, and in the court of which his earthly remains have, according to his wish, found their last rest- ing place. Bibliography. For his life and works con- sult Andersen (Berlin, 1854) ; Thiele, collated from the Danish by Barnard (London, 1865) ; id.. Thorvaldsen and His B oi-/cs, trans, by Bind- ing (New York, 1869). with 365 engravings; Plon. trans, by Mrs. Cashel Hoey (London, 1874), and by Luyster (Boston, 1874); Liicke, in Dohme, Eiinsf und Kiinstler des neunsehnten Jahrhiitiderts, i. (Leipzig, 1886) ; Sigurd Miil- ler (Copenhagen, 1893) ; and Rosenberg (Biele- feld. 1901) : also Kestner, Rnniische Studien (Berlin, 1850) ; Springer. Hilder niif: der neiieren Eunstfieschiclife (Bonn, 1867) ; Llibke. Geschich- 1e der Plnntik (Leipzig. 1880) : Lange, Sergei og Thorrnldscii (Copenhagen, 1886) : and id.. Thoriraldseiis DarsteUung dcs Menschen, trans, by Mann (Berlin, 1894). THOS, thoz. A tall, non-Mongoloid people of Tonking, in the valley of the Claire River, with subbrachycephalie head-form, whom some ally with the Indonesians, others with the Lolos. They are husbandmen, living in houses on piles, and wearing a very picturesque costume. The Thos and the Muongs (q.v. ) of the valley of the Black River in Tongking may be regarded as one of the principal groups of the Thai stock, to which be- Icmg the Shans (q.v.), the Laotians (see Laos), and the Siamese. Consult Garcin. Un ayi chez les Muongs an Tonkin (Paris, 1891) ; De Lanessan, L'Indo-Chine franeaise (ib., 1889) ; Pinabel, Sur qiichiues peuples satwages dependant du Tong- King (ib., 1884). THOTH, thoth or tot (Gk. e<jfl, Thoth, SurO, Thoyth, ed'S, Theyth, from Egypt. Dhuti). An Egyptian deity identified by the Greeks with Mercury (q.v.). See also Hermetic. THOTHMES. thoth'mez or tot'mes (Egyptian Dhiiti-mosc. son of Thoth: Gk. lorti/juicn^, Toiith- niOsis) or Tahutianes. The name of four kings of Egypt of the Eighteenth Dynasty. TiroTHMES I. was the son and successor of Amenophis I. (q.v.) and ascended the throne about B.C. 1560. According to Manetho, as cited by Africanus, he reigned for 22 years, though no date higher than his ninth regal year has as yet been found upon the monuments. The first recoided military expedition of Thothmes I. was directed against the Nubians, whom he defeated, returning in triumph to Thebes with the body of their chief hanging from the bow of his ship. In his third j-ear he found it neces- sary to chastise the Nubian tribes in another expedition. Not long after this he invaded Asia and, marching as far as the Euphrates, sef up a stele which was later seen and mentioned by Thothmes III. The remainder of his reign seems to luive been peaceful and was largely de- voted to building operations. At Karnak (q.v.) he built two pylons and two hypostyle halls, and erected two obelisks, one of which (76 feet high) is still standing. (See Obelisk.) He also con- structed buildings in the necropolis of Thebes, at Abydos, at Ibrim (a rock-hewn chapel), and at other places. The coffin of Thothmes I. was found in 1881 at Deir el-Bahri, but whether the mummy it contained is that of the King is not altogether certain. Thothmes II., the son and successor of Thoth- mes I., reigned for at least nine years, accord- ing to the monuments, and according to Manetho for twelve or thirteen years. An inscription at Assuan, dated in the first year of his reign, states that he sent an expedition against the Nubian tribes who had raided his territory, and he seems to have fought against the Asiatic Bedouin, but he undertook no extensive wars. He made additions to the great Temple of Am- nion at Karnak, and his name is inscribed upon buildings in many parts of Egypt. The numimy of the King, found in 1881 at Deir el-Bahri. is that of a young man, apparently not over thirty j'ears of age. His sister and wife, the able and energetic Hatshepset (see Hatasu), was coregent with him throughout his reign, and was the real ruler of the kingdom. Thothmes III. was one of the greatest of all
