THOTHMES. 251 THOUSAND ISLANDS. the Egyptian monarchs. The evidence as to his parentage is not altogether clear, but in all probability he was the son of Thothmes 11. by a wife named Iset, and the nephew of the great Queen Hatshepset (Hatasu). He was a mere child when he succeeded his father about B.C. 1538, and he reigned for nearly 54 year.s. For more than 21 years he was coregent with his aunt Hatshepset, who seems to have allowed him merely a nominal share in the government. As soon as her death left him sole ruler (about B.C. 1516) he entered upon a career of conquest unrivaled in the annals of Egj-ptian history. Assembling an army for the invasion of Syria, he celebrated the twenty-third armiversary of his accession at Gaza. Slarching thence through the passes of Mount Carmel, he signally defeated the allied Syrian forces on the plain of Esdraelon and forced them to take refuge in the city of Jlegiddo, which capitulated after a brief siege. The captive Syrian chiefs were restored to their dignities as vassals of Egypt, and Thothmes, after receiving messages of congratulation from a number of foreign princes, among them the King of Assyria, returned home laden with boot}'. The conquest was, however, not yet com- plete. Some of the Syrian and Phoenician cities offered a stubborn resistance and there were frequent revolts, the opponents of Egypt being encouraged and supported by the powerful State of Mitanni (see Am.ena Letters), which at that time occupied Northern Syria and North- ern Mesopotamia. A war with this State soon followed, in the course of which Thothmes rav- aged the Mitannian territory and captured a number of cities, including the important city of Carchemish, on the Euphrates. He gained no permanent possessions in this quarter, but the result of the war enabled him to e-tend his do- minions, undisturbed by iIitannian interference, over Northern Palestine and Plicenicia. At the city of Ni, near the Lower Orontes, he set up a stele to mark the limit of the Egyptian Empire in that quarter. In the course of his reign Thothmes conducted at least fourteen Asiatic campaigns, and the large booty and tribute he obtained were lavished freely upon the Egyptian temples. In the 50th year of his reign lie caused the old canal at the first cataract of the Nile to be cleared and sailed through it on an expedition against the Nubians. As a builder Thothmes was hardly less energetic than as a warrior, and his monuments occur throughout Egypt and Nubia. He made important additions to the great Temple of Amnion at Karnak and caused the annals of his reign to be inscrilied upon its walls, and he also built at Heliopolis, Memphis, Abydos, Hermonthis. Edfu. Esneh, Onibos, and other places. In Nubia, where he built or re- stored many temples, he was the founder of the large temple at Soleb, near the third cataract. Of the numerous obelisks erected by him, one is now on the hill of the Lateran at Rome; another is in Constantinople: a third stands on the Thames embankment in London ; and a fourth is in Central Park, New York. (See Odelisk.) Thothmes III. died about B.C. 14S5; his mummy was among those found at Deir el-Bahri in 1881. Thothmes IV., the son of Amenophis II. (q.v. ) and the grandson of Thothmes III., ruled for nine years from nlinnt B.C. ItfiO. He conduct- ed military expeditions to Nubia and to PhcEni- VoL. XIX.— n. cia, collecting booty and tribute in both coun- tries, and an inscription at Ghizeh records that he cleared away the sand from the great Sphinx (q.v.). From the Amania tablets it appears that he maintained friendly relations with Babylonia and with Mitanni, and that he mar- ried the daughter of Antatama, King of the latter country. Consult: Wiedemann. Aegyptische Geschichle (Gotha, 1884-88) ; Jleyer, Gescliichte des alien Aeffi/jilens (Berlin, 1887) ; Petrie, A History of i^U.'Ipt (New York, 1807) ; Budge, 4 Uisloiii of Egypt (ib., 1902); Miller, Die alien Aeggplcr als Krieger und Eroherer in Asien (Leipzig, 1903). THOtr, tiJo, Jacques Acguste de (1553- 1617). A French historian, born in Paris Oc- tober 8, 1553. He studied jurisprudence at Or- leans and Valence and in 1576 became an ecclesiastical councilor of the Parlement of Paris. He was an active member of the Politi(]iies ( cj.v. ) , who were largely instrumental in establishing on the throne Henry of Navarre, by whom De Thou was made keeper of the roj-al library and vice-president of the Parlement. In 1591 he began his great work, the Historia .S'»i Tciii- poris, which covered the period from the death of Francis I. to that of Henry IV. (1547-1610), and which occupied him during the remainder of his life. He took an important part in the drawing up of the Edict of Nantes. The history was completed by Rigault from materials left by De Thou and comprises in its full form 143 books. The work is marked by striking fairness and a faithful adherence to fact, remarkable in a history dealing with a period of bitter partisan spirit, civil war, and anarchy. The history was published in 11 volumes (Paris, 1609-14) and 4 volumes (Frankfort, 1625), both in Latin. A French translation appeared in 10 volumes (Paris, 1740), and one in English by Buckley in 7 volumes (London, 1773). After De Thou's death appeared his memoirs, Thiiani Commentarii de Vita Sua (Orleans, 1620). Consult: CoUin- son. Life of Thuanus, icitli some account of his writings (London, 1807) ; Chasles, Discours siir la vie et les ouvrages de J. A. De Thou (Paris, 1824). THOUGHT. See Concept; Imagination; INFERENCE; Judgment; Language; Logic; Mem- ory : R.TI0CI>.'.T10N. THOUSAND AND ONE DAYS. An imita- tion of the Thousand Xighls and One Night, or Arabian Nights (q.v.), written by Petis de la Croix, a French Orientali.st and traveler, in 1710. The work purports to be a translation of a Persian collection called Bazar u yak nlz, which Mukhlis, a Persian friend of De la Croix, alleged he had made from a Turkish book Al- Faraj ha'd ash-fihiddah, or Joy After Sorrow. So far as is known, however, the Hazar u yak ru:i does not exist, although the Turkish work is extant, and is well known to scholars. The first edition of the Thousand and One Days was made by De la Croix (Paris, 1710-12). THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS. See Ararian Nk.hts. THOUSAND ISLANDS. The. A collection of small islands, numlxTing about 1700. situated in an expansion of the Saint Lawrence River, about 40 miles long and from 4 to 7 miles wide.
