TIERCE. 279 TIETJENS. TIERCE. In heraldry (q.v.), a term nf blazon used to indicate that the field is divided by lines into tliroe equal parts. TIERGARTEN", ter'giir-tcn (Ge'-., Zoological Garden). The largest park of Berlin, on the south side of the Spree and west of the Branden- burg Gate. It contains 000 acres and is about 2 miles long. Portions of the park retain the natural features of forest and lake. It con- tains a number of fine statues and the column of victory from which the Siegesallee, the most fashionable drive of the city, leads south. TIER'NEY, George (1761-1830). An Eng- lish politician. He was born at Gibraltar, Spain, was educated at Eton and Camljridge, and in 1778 entered Parliament as a Whig. There he soon acquired a high reputation as a debater, and, after Fox's withdrawal, became a prom- inent if not the leading opponent of Pitt's policy. For several years it was his custom to bring forward a series of resolutions opposed to those of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. He was finally accused by the latter of deliberately impeding public business, and as a consequence fought a bloodless duel with him. In 1803 he became treasurer of the navy and a Privy Councilor, and after acting as Secretary of State for Ireland (1806), was president of the Board of Control (1806-07) and master of the mint in Canning's Ministry (1827-28). After 1817 he was the recognized leader of the Opposition. TIERRA DEL FUEGO, te-er'ra del fwa'gft (Sp. Land of Fire; formerly often written in the corrupted form Terra DEL FrEOO). An archi- pelago situated between latitude 52° and 56° south, off the extreme southern end of South America, from which it is separated by the Strait of Magellan (Map: America, Soutli. C 8). It consists of a large main island sometimes called King Charles South Land, and a num- ber of smaller islands lying to the west and south of it, the southern group being sep- arated from the main island by Beagle Chan- nel. The total area of the archipelago is esti- mated at over 27,000 square miles, of which the main island occupies more than four-fifths. The principal of the smaller islands are, be- ginning at the northwest. Desolacion, Santa Inez, Clarence, Hoste, Navarin. WoUaston, and at the extreme south, Horn Island, ending in Cape Horn. At the extreme east lies the isolated Staten Island or Isla de los Estados. All these islands are separated from each other and from the mainland by narrow, deep, and tortuous chan- nels, and are, together with the west coast of the main island, deeply indented by narrow fiords. The east coast is more regular. The Andean mountain system is continued in several ranges through the western part of the arclii- pelago, covering all the .smaller islands and the western half of the main island. They ar-e mostly of Mesozoic formation with considerable granitic and volcanic intrusions, though there are no volcanoes. Their height averages 3.500 feet, and Mount Sarmiento, an imposing snow-clad peak on the southwestern peninsula of the main island. has an altitude of 7200 feet. The eastern half of the main island is a continuation of the Patagonian plateau. The climate of Tierra del Fuego is not so rigorous as it was formerly supposed to be. It is an equable oceanic climate with no ex- treme heat or cold. A meteorological station established since 1896 at Ushuaia on Beaglo Channel shows a mean temperature for Janu- ary to be 52.7°, and for July 31°. The rainfall is greater than on the Patagonian plateau, and the country is more favorable for settlement than the more northern regions. The eastern region has good soil and pasture land, and along the base of the mountains there are ex- tensive forests of beech {Fopiis antarclica) and pine. The western islands, which have not been thoroughly explored, are less favoralile as regards climate and soil, but in the east and along Beagle Channel hardy cereals will ripen, and consider- able areas of land have already been brought under cultivation bv white settlers. Agriculture and cattle-raising are the main occupations, though gold has been found in paying quantities, and seams of lignite have also been discovered. The native Fuegians are rapidly disappearing, and now number probably less than 1000. They lielong to three distinct tribes, the Aliculufs in the central regions, the Onas in the west, and the Yaghans in the south. Politically the por- tion of the main island l.ying east of a line run- ning from the eastern entrance of the Strait of Magellan to the middle of Beagle Channel, to- gether with the Isla de los Estados, constitutes the Argentine Territory of Tierra del Fuego ( q.v. ) . The remaining portions belong to the Chilean Territory of Magallanes. The civilized population of the Argentine Territory, which contains prac- tically all the inhabitants, was 477 in 1805. and 2159 in 1900. The archipelago was discovered by Jlagellan in 1520, but was never systemat- ically explored until the last two decades of the nineteenth centurv. Consult: Bove. Patagonia, Terra del Fuoc6 (Genoa, 1883) ; Hyades and Deniker, Anthro- pologie et ethnographie (Paris, 1891); Conway, Aconcagua ami Ticrni del Fuego (London, 1902). TIERRA DEL FUEGO. A territory of Ar- gentina, formed of a portion of the main island of the Archipelago of Tierra del Fuego (q.v.) and of the Isla de los Estados. It is bounded on the west by the meridian of 68° 34' W.. which separates it from the Chilean territories; on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; and on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and the Beagle Channel (Map: Argentina, D 14). Its area is about 8000 square miles. The territory of the island was in dispute until 1881, when by arbitration of the United States it was divided between Chile and Argentina. The territorial Government of the Argentine portion was organ- ized in 1884. The main river, Pellegrini, is of little importance. The capital is Ushuaia (q.v.). TIERS ETAT, te-ar' za'ta'. See States- Gexeral. TIES, Railway. See Railw.ts. TIETJENS, te'tyens, or TITIENS, Teresa (1837-77). An operatic singer, born at Ham- burg, of Hungarian parents. She made her debut in that city in the character of Lucrezia Borgia in 1849. taking at once a very high position on the lyric stage; at Frankfort and Vienna she was even more warmly received ; and her first appearance in London in 1858 Was a complete triumph. She visited the Ignited States in 1875. The great volume and purity of her voice and
