TIETJENS. 280 TIFLIS. her spnpathetic and dignified acting combined to make her famous in strong dramatic parts. TIF'FANY, Chakles Comfort (1829—). A Protestant Episcopal clergyman. He was born in Baltimore; studied at Dickinson College, An- dover Theological Seminary, and the universities of Halle and Heidelberg; and was ordained priest in 1S66. He was rector at Fordham, N. Y. (1807-71), assistant rector at Trinity Church, Boston (1871-74). rector in New York (1874-90), and Archdeacon of New York (1893-1902). His publications include History of the Protestant Episcopal Cliiirch (1893) and The Prayer Book and Christian Life (1897). TIFFANY, Charles Louis (1812-1902). An American merchant. He was born at Ivillingly, Conn., and after receiving an academic education at Plainfield Academy, and serving an appren- ticesliip in a cotton manufactory, he removed to New York City in 1837. There in partnership with a fellow townsman, John B. Young, on a borrowed capital of .$1000 he established at 259 Broadway, next door to A. T. Stewart's, a sta-. tionery and fancy goods store. The venture pros- pered from the start, and gradually the jewelry part of the business became the most important. In 1847 the firm began the manufacture of gold jewelry. In the following year, when as a result of the widespread revolutionary movements in Europe the price of diamonds fell 50 per cent., Mr. Tiff'any sent word to his partner, !Mr. Young, ■who was then in Paris to buy all the diamonds he could. Tills was done with the result that the house thereby reaped a large fortune and became from that time on one of the principal firms of diamond merchants in the world. Several times the rapidly increasing business necessitated mov- ing into larger quarters farther up town and several times the firm name was changed, finally becoming Tiffany & Co. in 1851. At that time a branch house was established in Paris. During the Civil War ^Mr. Tiffany placed his store and resovirces at the disposal of the Government, and it became for a time one of the principal depots of military supplies. During the draft riots (q.v. ) in 1803 the store was barricaded and the clerks were armed in preparation for a threatened attack of the mob. In 1808 the firm Avas incor- porated and in 1S70 removed to a specially con- structed building on Union Square. At that time, in addition to the Paris branch, a branch house was maintained in London, and an office and ■watch factory in Geneva, Switzerland, and the house took rank as the leading importers of gems and ■n'orks of art as well as the chief manufac- turing jewelers in America. Mr. Tiffany was the first to adopt the department store ph
for the
jewelry business and was the originator of many ideas and methods in the jewelry trade since generally adopted. The sterling silver standard .925 fine, adopted by him in 1851, became the rec- ognized standard tlirougliout the country. Mr. Tiffany was made a member of the French Legion of Honor in 1878 and received at various times decorations from other foreign rulers. He was a liberal patron of the fine arts, and did much to encourage and promote the study and knowledge of art in America. TIFFANY, Louis Comfort (1848—). An American painter and decorative designer, born in New York City. He was a pupil of George Innes and Samuel Coleman, and in Paris of L6on Bailly, making a special study of the decorative arts in their relation to architecture. After his return to the United States he resided in New York City and devoted his attention to the direction of the Allied Arts Company and the Tiffany Glass and Decorative Company. He in- troduced the art of mosaic in this countr}', and ])roduced designs of higli power and good decora- tive quality. His best known invention, how- ever, is favrile glass, in which by chemical means lie produced delicate refracting powers somewhat like those in ancient glassware affected by decora- [losition. His works include window-s for Colum- bia University Library, Memorial Hall, Harvard College, and Yale College, and for many churches. His principal mosaics are in the crypt of Saint John's Cathedral, in New York City. His easel paintings are principally Oriental scenes. TIF'FIN. The county-seat of Seneca County, Ohio, 40 miles southeast of Toledo; on the San- dusky River, here spanned by several bridges, and on the Baltimore and Ohio, the Pennsylvania, and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis railroads (Map: Oliio. D 3). It is the seat of Heidelberg University ( Reformed ) , opened in 1850, and of the College of the La-suline Sisters, and has a public library. Other prominent fea- tures are the court-house, the Soldiers' Monu- ment, and Riverview Park. Tiffin is favorably situated for commerce and also has large indus- trial interests. Among its manufactures are tools, pottery, glass, emery wheels, church furni- ture, agricultural implements, wagons, well-drill- ing machines, nail, bolt, and nut machines, under- wear and woolen goods. The government is vested in a mayor, elected every two years, and a unicameral council. Tiffin was settled in 1819-21 and was incorporated in 1850. Population, in 1890, 10.801; in 1900, in 10,989. TIFFIN, Edward (1766-1829). An Ameri- can physician, preacher, and political leader. He was born at Carlisle, England, removed to Charlesto^ivn, Va., about 1786. and graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1789. In 1792 he became a local preacher in the Methodist Church, and also studied law. About 1798 he removed to Chillicothe. in the Northwest Territory, and in 1799 was Speaker of the Terri- torial Legislature. In 1802 he presided over the convention to frame a State Constitution of Ohio, and was the first Governor of the State (1803-07). During his second term he arrested the Burr-Blennerhasset expedition. In 1807-09 he was a member of the United States Senate, but resigned, and in 1809 was Speaker of the Ohio Legislature. ^Yhen the General Land Office was established in 1812, President Madison appointed Tiffin the first Commissioner, and by his fore- sight the latter saved all the papers when the Capitol was burned by the British troops in 1814. From 1815 until just before his death he was Surveyor-General of the Northwest Territory. The town of Tiffin, Ohio, was named in his honor. TIFLIS', Russ. pron. tyff -lyes'. A govern- ment in the centre of Transcaucasia, Russia. Area, about 17,200 square miles (Map: Russia, F 6). It belongs to the region of the Caucasus (q.v.) and contains numerous snow-clad peaks, including Kazbek, over 16,000 feet in height. Between the mountain chains are deep and nar- row valleys which make Tiflis one of the most
