TOKAT. 329 TOKIO. factures of cotton cloth, d.vestuffs, copper wares, and leather, ropulatioii," in IftOl, 20. 81)0, the niajoritj- being Mohammedans. During the Jlid- dle Ages Tokat, the ancient Daziiiioii, was an important trading centre. It was the scone of an Armenian massacre in ISO.). TOKEN MONEY. See iloxEY. TOKIO, tr/ke. or TOKYO (formerly Yedo) (Jap., Eastern Capital). The capital of Japan, situated on the southeast side of the island of Hondo, on the Bay of Tokio, in latitude 35° 41' N.. longitude 130° 40' E. (Map: Japan. F C). The city covers a wide area, and is exceedingly irregular in outline, being, indeed, a number of towns grown together rather than a single city laid out according to design. It is divided into two uneijual parts by the river Sumida. The eastern portions along the river and fronting the bay are level and low, the western rise into con- siderable hills with a dense popvdation in the val- leys which separate them. The chief feature is the palace inelosure within the grounds of the an- cient castle. These grounds under the old re- gime were very extensive and were surrounded by an outer wall and moat more than two and a half miles in length. This wall has been leveled in part and the moat filled up. Within was a second moat and wall, and even a third in parts. The old residence of the Shogun within the third wall was burned in 1872 and has been replaced by the palace of the Emperor, in a mixed Japan- ese-European style of architecture. It stands in the ancient and beautiful park called Fukiage. The palace was first occupied by the Emperor in 1880. Much of the area inclosed by the outer wall and moat was occupied in the past by the mansions of the feudal barons, but these are now destroyed and in their place are the various buildings devoted to the use of the Gov- ernment, in European style and devoid of espe- cial interest. To the east of the castle is the distinctively commercial portion of the city, with banks, warehouses, shops, hotels, restau- rants, newspaper offices, and dwellings. A long main street, variously named in different parts, and without any geni'ral designation, passes through this part of the city from northeast to southwest. It is broad, with rows of trees, a tramway, electric lights, and rows of low build- ings of stone and brick in a semi-European style. From it lanes and streets diverge in all direc- tions, for the greater part lined with small wooden building*, inexpensive and without pre- tension. Mingled with them are storehouses made of mud or clay, and incongruous modern buildings. Of late years some of the streets have been straightened and widened, wooden bridges have been replaced by iron ones, and many im- provements have been introduced. Nevertheless the old styles of shops and dwellings are in so vast a majority that this part of Tokio is still essentially as in the centuries past. In the northern pai-t of the city is the arsenal, with the beautiful garden attached which for- merly belonged to the mansion of the Barons of Mito. Not far away is the ancient building used as a library which was once the great Con- fucian College. Farther to the north on the site of the town mansion of the Barnn of Knga is the Imperial University. (See Tokio. Uni- versity OF.) Farther to the east is the great park, Ueno, with the mortuary shrines of eight of the shoguns of the Tokugawa family, and the Imperial Museum filled with objects of great interest. Still farther to the east is the great temple of the goddess of mercy, Kwannon Sama, with a park, many shrines, a pagoda, rows of shops, and innumerable places of amusement. Across the river Sumida, the eastern portion of the city embraces the two districts called Unnjo and Fukiage, a quiet region known to visitors ehielly for its disjjlays of (lowers, the cherry blosscims at Mukojinia, the wistaria at Kameido, and the iris at Horikiri, and for the great wrest- ling matches at ihe temple E-ko-in. On the west bank of the Sumida was the Foreign Concession, but since the abolition of extra- territoriality foreigners are permitted to live in all parts of the city. In the same district, on the shore of the bay, is the Imperial park Icnown as Enryo-kwan. In the southern part of llic city is the park called Shiba. with the mag- nificent mortuary shrine of the second Shogun, and the almost equally fine shrines of six others. Bej-ond the park, still following the line of the bay. is the Temple of Sankakuji, famous for the little cemetery containing the tombs of the forty- seven Eonins. To the west of the palace are many large residences surrounded by gardens and high walls. In the suburbs there" are many delightful resorts, especially Meguro, Oji, Fii- tago, and Ikegami. The city is protected against fire by a well-organized fire department equipped with steam fire engines. It has also an excel- lent police system. The affairs of the city are administered b.v a mayor, a municipal council, and a municipal assembly. Tokio proper has few industrial interests, although there are nu- merous factories in the neighborhood. It is un- favorably situated for commerce, as the Sumida River is unnavigable for vessels of large tonnage. Trade is carried on bv wav of Yokohama. Popu- lation, in 1808, 1.440,'l21. ' Originally an obscure hamlet called Yedo (gate of the inlet) stood on the seashore in the district of the city now called Asa- kusa, while most of the busiest parts of the present city were covered with the waters of the bay and of lagoons. Near Yedo a rude castle was built in the fifteenth century, but the place continued without importance un- til, toward the end of the sixteenth century, Tokugawa leyasu took possession of it. and in 1603 made it the seat of his government of the Empire. He retained the ancient name Yedo. but made it speedily the most important city in Japan and the capital in a sense never known before. leyasu commanded artisans ami mer- chants to move to his new city from Kioto and Osaka. He occupied the ancient castle, and in the days of his grandson the new castle was constructed. But the most characteristic and original feature of Yedo was caused by the re- . quirement that the feudal barons should spend a portion of every second year in the city and that in their absence members of their families be left as hostages. In consequence the feudal barons built town mansions, surrounded them with beautiful gardens, and for the first time in the history of .Japan came, in time of peace, into contact with each other. The result was rivalry in display and a luxury and extravagance before known only in Kioto in connection with the Im- perial Court. From this time Yedo took on the
