TOKIO. 330 TOLAND. appearance so often described by travelers. Its population was immense, and the success of the policy of leyasu is proved by the fact that it was never entered by a hostile army, nor so much as attacked or besieged. The records of the city contain accounts of many terrible catas- trophes. Its slight wooden buildings furnished excellent fuel for tire, and repeatedly it was de- stroyed in contlagrations, until in recent times the building of rows of brick and stone houses has furnished ciKcient barriers. It has also suf- feied greatly from earthquakes and from epi- demics, while terrible storms have destroyed thousands of dwellings. After the weakening of the House of Tokugawa, in 1863, the require- ment of residence for the barons was relaxed, and the population fell off greatly. But after the fall of the shogunate on September 13, 1868, it was made the eastern capital, and its name was changed accordingly to Tokio. It was opened to the residence of foreigners in 1869. Though nominall,v only the eastern capital, yet, as the residence of the Emperor, the meeting place of the Diet, and the seat of the Government in all departments, it is in reality the only capital of the Empire, Kioto retaining an empty title merely. TOKIO, University of. A Japanese uni- versity founded in 1808 by the union of two older schools, as one of the results of the great political and social revolution of that year. It has grown with the growth of modern Japan. At first officered largely by foreigners, these have been gradually superseded by Japanese, for the most part trainecl in Europe and the United States. The university is a Government institu- tion. Its administration is vested in a presi- dent and a board of councilors, two from each college, named by the Minister of Education, for a term of five vears. The colleges comprise law, medicine, engineering, philosophy, history, math- ematics, and science. Two degrees are given, one for work in course, the other for special distinc- tion. The university includes an observatory and a library. There were 2908 students in 1900-01. TOKbLYI, te'kel-yi, or TOKOLI. IxrRE (Emerich), Count (1656-1705). An Hungarian patriot. He belonged to a Lutheran family and was born at the Castle of Ki'smark, in the County of Zips. His father, Count Stephen, was impli- cated in the conspiracy of Zrinyi, RSkoczy, and Frangipani against Leopold I. of Austria; and after his death, and the execution of Zrinyi and others, young Tokiilyi sought an asylum in Poland, where he had large possessions. After vain endeavors to recover from the Emperor his patrimonial estates, he obtained the support of Apafi. Prince of Transylvania, and in 1678 he took the lead in the insurrection in Hungary. He advanced victoriously, capturing a number of towns, and even penetrating into the heart of Moravia. The Turkish Sultan, Jlohammed IV., espoused his cause, and in 1682 declared him Prince of Hungary under Turkish suzer- aintv. Tokolvi joined Kara Mustapha in the great onslaught on Austria in 1683, hut after the disaster to the Turks at Vienna man.v of his followers fell ofl from him, and in 1685 he was inijirisoned by the Turks. He was soon released, however, and resumed operations, but without . success. In 1689 he was made Prince of Tran- sylvania by the Siiltan, and invaded that coun- try with a Turkish army, but was forced back into Wallachia. He took part in the sub.sequent campaigns against Austria, and after the Peace of Karlowitz he was made by the Sultan Prince of Widdin and resided as his pensioner at Con- stantinople, where he died. TOKUGAWA, to'k<5o-ga'wa. The name of the great family which ruled Japan for more than two centuries and a half (1600-1868). Its found- er was le^asu, one of the five generals from the east of Japan who restored peace after centuries of feudal strife and anarchy. He claimed descent from an early Emperor through the Minamoto family, and took their hereditary title "shogun' (general). He made Yedo, then an obscure vil- lage, the capital of Japan, reformed the laws, and established the system which was character- istic of Japan and made it unique in the e.ves of foreigners. leyasu retired in 1604 to Shid- zuoka, but continued to rule through his son until his death in 1616. His descendants were shoguns to the number of fourteen. The greatest of them was lemitsu. his grandson, who ruled from 1623 to 1649. ilost of the Tokugawa sho- guns were weaklings and debauchees. The fif- teenth shogim resigned his powers to the Em- peror in 1868 and retired to Shidzuoka. Since that time the family has exerted no political power. TOKTJSHIMA, to'koo-she'msi. The capital of the Prefecture of Tokushima, in Japan, near the coast in the northeastern part of the island of Shikoku (Map: Japan. D 6). It is the largest city on the island, and is beautifully situated. Population, in 1898, 61,.501. TO'LAND, John (1670-1722). A deistical writer. He was born near the village of Eed- castle, in the County of Londonderry. Ireland. He was brought up as a Roman Catholic, but in his sixteenth vear was a Protestant. He entered the Universitv of Glasgow in 1687, but removed to that of Edinburgh, where he took the degree of master of arts in 1690. Thence he passed to Leyden, where he entered upon theological stud- ies. On his return to England he resided for some time at Oxford, where he was already looked upon as a free-thinker. ChrisiianUy Not }h/sterioiis, which he published in London in 1696, and in which he fully avowed his princi- ples, created a sensation in the theological world. In the following year Toland returned to Ireland, but his book was burned publicly by order oT the Irish Parliament. Finding it neces- sary to flee from Ireland, Toland returned to London, where he published a defense against this ,iudgment of the Irish Parliament; but he soon afterwards turned his pen from theological to political and literary subjects. A pamphlet entitled Aiifilin Libera (1701), on the succession of the House of Brimswick, led to his being re- ceived with favor by the Princess Sophia at the Court of Hanover, and to his being sent on a kind of political mission to some of the German courts. In 1705 he outstripped the boldness of his former opinions, openly avowing himself a pantheist. In this course he was emboldened by the patronage of Harlev, in whose service he had engaged as a political pamphleteer, and by whom he was sent abroad to Holland and Germany in 1707. He returned to England in 1710: and hav- ing forfeited the favor of his patron, or at least
