TOLAND. 331 TOLEDO. having separated from him (1714), he engaged as a partisan pamphleteer on the side of Harley's adversaries. His after-life was that of a liter- ary adventurer, and was checkered by every variety of literary conflict and pecuniary strug- gle. TOIiBOOTH. A massive structure, dating from various [leriods, on Castle Hill, Edinburgh, removed in 1S17. It served as a Parliament House, a court, and a prison. It is known as the Heart of Midlothian, and many relics con- nected with it were preserved in Sir Walter Scott's collection at Abbotsford. TOLDY, tol'di, Ferencz (1805-75). An Hun- garian writer on the histoiy of literature. His real name was Schedel. He was born in Buda- pest, and educated there as a physician. In 18-30 he founded with Paul Bugfit, at Budapest, the Orrosi Tar, the first Hungarian medical jour- nal, and in 1833 he became professor extraor- dinary of dietetics at the university. In 1835 he was elected secretary of the Academy, a post which he retained until 1861, and in 1836 he founded the great Kisfaludy literary society, of which he became president in 1841. After 1849 he devoted himself entirely to the history of Hungarian literature, and in 1860 was appointed professor of that subject in the universit}'. His historical and critical works in German and Hungarian include: Die iingarische historische Dichtung ror Zrini/i (1S48); KuUur::nstunde der Tngiirn ror der Annahme des Christentiims (1850); A magynr 7jem~eti irodalom tortcnete ( "History of the Hungarian National Litera- ture," Budapest, 1851 ) ; A magi/ar kblKszet tortcnete ("History of Hungarian Poetrj'," 1855 and 1867) : Mnrci chronica de gestis Bungarorum (1867); and .4 magyar 'kiiUeszet k^zikonyve ("Handbook of Hungarian Poetry," 2d ed. 1876). TOLEDO, tA-ln'no. The capital of the Prov- ince of Toledo, Spain, 42 miles south-south- west of Madrid, on the Tagus (Map: Spain, D 3). The hundred-towered city, situated on a bold promontory, bordered on three sides by a bend of the Tagus and surrounded by a lofty a. preserves almost unchanged its mediaeval appearance. The Tagus is spanned by the bridge of San Martin, a well-constructed specimen of the military architecture of the Middle Ages, and the thirteenth-century Bridge of Alcflntara : the walls are pierced by a number of gates, of which the most beautiful is the Arabic Puerta del Sol, The houses of the city cluster in the form of a semicircle around the Alcazar, The streets are winding, narrow, and steep. Among the many interesting churches are the Gothic Cathe- dral dating from 1227, with its forty chapels and library of ancient manuscripts; the cloister of San .Tuan de los Reyes, a gift of the Catholic sovereigns ; Santa Maria de la Blanca, a Jewish synagogue of the twelfth century, rebuilt and consecrated as a church in 1507: and El Trflnsito, another synagogue dating from 1366. and given by the Catholic sovereigns to the Knights of Cala- trava. Many former convents are devoted to the service of the State as prisons and hospit.als. The city hall with two towers and classic facade dates from the fifteenth century. There are a beauti- ful theatre, and a provincial library containing 70.000 volumes, housed in the archlnshop's pal- ace. Toledo is the seat of an archbishop who Vol. XI.K.— 22. bears the title of primate of all Spain — one of the few sur'ivals of the period when the city was the centre of Spanish national life. It is large- ly luitouchcd by modern indistrial life and exists as a survival of the golden age of Spanish chivalry. The climate is rather unhealthful and the surrounding region largely barren and cheer- less. The city has manufactures of spirits, beer, chocolate, varni.sh, church ornaments, cloth, silk goods, pottery, brick, and fans. But the most famous establishments of Toledo are those de- voted to the manufacture of arms, for even be- fore the time of Roman domination Toledo blades were famous. The present Government factory dates from 1777; within recent years estab- lishments for the manufacture of cartridges have been added. There are also several private es- tablishments for the manufacture of arms and ammunition. Population, in 1000, 23,375, Nothing certain is known of the origin of Toledo. I'nder the name of Toletum it is men- tioned by Livy in connection with the date n.c. 192. After the period of Roman sway it fell first into the power of the Alani, and a little later came under the control of the Visigoths, of whose kingdom it became the capital. From a.d. 400 to 701 it was the meeting place of eighteen Church councils which exercised a great politi- cal as well as religious influence on Spain. Un- der the Arabs it was a city of great importance. After the dissolution of the Caliphate of Cor- dova it was the seat of a short-lived Mohamme- dan kingdom. Alfonso the Valiant of Leon and Castile conquered this State in 1085 and gave the name of New Castile to the region. The town became an important place of residence for the Castilian monarchs. In the War of the Communes (1520-21) Toledo espoused the popu- lar cause. In 1808 it took part in the national uprising against the French, and in 1810 and 1813 suffered much from the vandalism of their armies. Consult Camcro, Uistoria de la chidad de Toledo (Toledo, 1863). TOLEDO. A town of Cebfi, Philippines, sit- uated on the eentrnl jiart of the west coast, 39 miles from Cebu (Map: Philippine Islands, H 9). Population. 10,900. TOLE'DO. The third city of Ohio and the county-seat of Lucas County, situated at the mouth of the IVIaumee River where it enters Lake Erie bv wav of Maumee Bay; 130 miles north of Columbus (Map: Ohio, C 2). The IMaumce through the city averages half a mile in width, and is navigable for lake vessels of the largest size. There is an excellent harbor with 25 miles of docks, eight miles of which are devoted to coal and ore. A straight channel, 400 feet wide and 21 feet deep, leads to the lake. Six passenger steamship lines connect the citj' with Mackinac, Detroit, ^Montreal, and other river and lake cities. Nineteen railroads enter the city, in- cluding five divisions of the Lake Shore and two divisions of the Wabash. It is the terminus of the Ohio Central and is tapped by the Michi- gan Central. It is the terminus of the Penn- sylvania. Toledo. Saint Louis and Kansas City, Cincinnati. Hamilton and Dayton, Hocking Val- ley, Wheeling and Lake Erie, Pere Marquette, Detroit, Toledo and Milwaukee, Ann Arbor, and Grand Trunk railroads. These lines are inter- sected and connected by the Toledo Railway and Terminal Company's belt line, which maintains
