TONALITY. 340 TONGA ISLANDS. to the similar minor triads of D, E, F, CJ, F8, C; also to all dissimilar major triads whose funda- mental tone is one of the component tones of the A minor triad, viz. A. C, E. To these is also added the triad of the mediant, which in a minor key is always a major triad. All triads other than the ten just mentioned are related to the original triad in the second degree. Here the degree of affinity may be more or less remote. See Chord ; Conson.vnce ; Dis- sonance; Key. For a full exposition of the sub- ject, consult: H. Riemann. Musikalische Syntaxis (Leipzig, 1877) ; Skizze einer netien Meilwde der Harmonielelire (ib., 1880) ; Systematische Mo- dulatiouslehre (ib., 1887). TON'AWAN'DA. A city in Erie County, N. Y., about 10 miles north of Bufl'alo ; on the Niagara River and the Erie Canal, and on the New York Central and Hudson River and the Erie railroads (Map: New York, B 3). It is connected with North Tonawanda b.v two bridges. The prominent features of the city include the armory, the high school, the public librarj', and a park. Tonawanda is an important lumber market, and is slso interested in manufacturing, the chief products being steel, lumber, and paper boards. The government, imder the charter of 1903, is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a unicameral council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Popu- lation, in 1890, 7145; in 1900, 7421. TONE. In music, the name given to the larger intervals in the diatonic scale, so called in contradistinction to the semitones (q.v.), or smaller intervals. Theoretically, some of the intervals called tones are larger than others, and none of them are equal to two semitones ; thus, in the scale of C, the intervals CD, FG, and AB are all equal; but DE and GA, w-hich are also called tones, are smaller; and the semitones, EF and BC, are larger than half even of the larger tones. In instruments, however, which are tuned according to the equal temperament (q.v.), all the tones are made equal, and each equiva- lent to two semitones. TONE, Theobald Wolfe (1763-98). An Irish revolutionist. He was born in Dublin, where he was educated, graduating at Trinity College. He was called to the Irish bar in 1789. He was one of the foimders of the first club of United Irishmen at Belfast, and similar organizations in other parts of Ireland and agent of the Ro- man Catholic committee. 1792 ; w-as implicated in Jackson's treasonable designs with the Frencli Government in 1794, but was allowed to go to the United States in 1795. In the following year, however, he went to France for assistance, and returned suddenlj' to Ireland, recalled by rumors of a revolt. In the expedition to Bantry Bay he was adjutant-general to the commander Hoche, but the fleet was driven off the coast and scattered. In 1798 he again set sail for Ireland with a small French expedition, and was cap- tured by an English fleet off Lough Swilly. Hav- ing been sentenced to be hanged, he cut his throat with a penknife, dying a few days later. Consult: Thr Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone, etc., vith his Political Writings, edited by his son, William Theobald Wolfe Tone (2 vols,, Wash- ington, 1826), TONE COLOR. In music, the quality of tlie tone of musical instruments or of the human voice. See the article Clang Tint, Explana- tion OF, TO'NEB, JosEPu Meredith (1825-96). An American physician, born in Pittsburg, Pa., and educated at Mount Saint Mary's College, the Vermont Jledical College, and the Jefferson Medi- cal College. He graduated at Jeft'erson Medical College in 1853 and two years afterwards settled in Washington, D. C, where he founded the Prov- idence Hospital and became identified with sev- eral other similar institutions. In 1868 a resolu- tion which he had offered was adopted by the American Medical Association, providing for the collecting of American medical literature. In 1871 he gave the fund which established the well- known Toner lectures. He was president of the American Medical Association in 1873, of the American Health Association in 1874, and was vice-president of the International Medical Con- gress of 1887. He was an indefatigable collector of books and pamphlets on medical subjects, and in 1882 presented his valuable library to the Gov- ernment, His publications include: Maternal In- stinct (1864); Compulsory Vaccination (1865); Atvnals of Medwal Progress and Medical Educa- tion in the United States (1874); Medical Men of the Revolution (1876). TON'GA ISLANDS, or Friendly Islands. A group of Polynesian islands in the Pacific Ocean, about 350 miles southeast of Samoa, ex- tending from 18° 5' to 22° 29' south latitude and from 173° 52' to 176° 10' west longitude, the Fiji Islands being on the east (Map: Austra- lasia. L 4 ) , The Tonga Islands form a native kingdom, but are controlled by Great Britain. They number about 150, but only 32 are of any importance. The area is about 390 square miles. The Tonga Islands form two nearly paral- lel rows of islands extending from north to south. The eastern row contains the Vavau, Haapai, Na- muka, Kotu, and Tonga groups. These eastern islands are of coral limestone formation, and lie low and are comparatively level. In the last- named group is the largest and most fertile island of all — Tongatabu. It is in the south, and con- tains about 140 square miles. It has about half the population of all the Tonga Islands, The western row of islands are volcanic, high and steep. Of these, Lette and Tofoa are active, and Kao (about 2850 feet high) is extinct. The cli- mate of the Tonga Islands is moderate and favor- able, considering the latitude. The annual rain- fall is heavy — over 75 inches. Serious earth- quakes are not infrequent, and small islands rise suddenly at times and as suddenly disappear. A tornado wrought havoc in Vavau in 1900, The flora is very rich, especially in palms. The na- tive fauna is comparatively insignificant: there only needs to be mentioned the large bat (Ptero- pus tonganus) . All the main Tonga Islands are covered with luxuriant vegetation. The soil is rich. The land is leased, not sold ; and as its tenure is not assured, the improvements are both meagre and poor. Copra and fungus are ex- ported, and tapa and mats are made. The im- ports, mostly from Australia and New Zealand, amounted to $440,000 in 1901. and include dra- peries and foods. The tonnage entered and cleared in 1901 was 119,100. There is regular steam i
