TONGA ISLANDS. 341 TONGKING. communication with the neighboring British pos- sessions. There are many good liarbors. The annual revenue is about $100,000, the expendi- ture somewhat less. There is no debt. Tlic capi- tal is Nukualofa, on Tongatabu Island. The popu- lation was given in I'JOO as 18,959, nearly all natives. They are among the most civilized of the Polynesians. They are agriculturists and adept seafarers. While clever and eager to learn and imitate, they appear to lack the qualities necessary to independent and enduring success. Jlost of them aro Wesleyans. The Tonga Islands were discovered in 1643. In 1773 and in 1777 they were visited by Cook, who explored them, and gave them the name of Friendly Islands on account of the friendly attitude of the natives. Before the break; ing out of the civil wars early in the nine- teenth century, the islands were under the rule of two reigning families. During this po- litical upheaval the local hereditary chiefs de- clared their independence, but were united under the wise rule of George I., who in 1875 intro- duced a sort of constitutional government, allow- ing the chiefs a share in the administration. Treaties were concluded with Great Britain, Ger- many, and also, in 1888, with the United States. The "privilege of building a naval station was abandoned by Germany in 1899 in favor of Great Britain, which country declared its protectorate over the group in that year. The present ruler, King George II.,, is assisted by a legislative as- semijly, meeting every three years, and composed partly of hereditary nobles and partly of mem- bers elected on a property qualification. There are a cabinet, a privy council, and judiciary. BiBLiOGR.PHT. Ellis, Polynesian Researches (London. 1853) ; Erskine, Islands of the Weslern Pacipc (London, 1853) ; Fornander, An Account of the Poli/nesian Race (ib., 1878) ; Coote, West- ern Pacific Islands ( ib., 1883) ; Cooper, The Isl- ands of the Pacific (ib., 1888) ; Reel us. Nouvelle geor/raphie universelle, vol. siv. (Paris, 1889) ; Monfat, Les Tonqa ou Archipel des Amis (Lyon, 1893) ; Wallace, "Australasia," in Stanford, Com- pendium of Geography (London, 1894) ; Reeves, Brown Men and Women in the South Sea Islayids (ib., 1898) ; Shoemaker, Islands of the Southern Seas (Xew York, 1898) ; Stevenson, In the South Seas (London, 1900) ; Brigham, An Index to the Islands of the Pacific (Honolulu, 1900). TON'GALAND, or AMATONGALAND. A district of Zululand, and accordingly of Natal. in Southeast Africa, bounded on the north by Lourengo Marquez, on the east by the Indian Ocean, on the south by Zululand, and on the west by the Vrybeid district and Swaziland (Map: Cape Colony, P 4 ) . It thus forms the northern neck of Zululand. Area, 1280 square miles. The Lebombo llountains border it on the west. The Pongola River traverses the country from south to north, just west of the centre, the Kosi River, flowing in a general eastern direction, is in the south, and Lake Kosi — a lagoon — forms an inlet from the ocean on the east. The coimtry is generally level and low. The climate is very nniiealthful. The inhabitants are Zulu-Kaiirs — the Amatonga. No figures for the population are given. The possession of Tongaland was strong- ly desired by the Boers, since it would hav.-" furnished them an outlet to the sea and a haven. Great Britain was eager to frustrate their plans. however, and declared Tongaland under British protection in 1895. It was annexed to Zululand (q.v.) December 27, 1897. This action embraced also the small possessions of the Sambana and Umtegiza chiefs, which formed the narrow |)or- tion of Tongaland west of the Pongola River. Zululand, including Tongaland, was annexed to Natal December 30, 1897. TONG-HAK, tOng-hak' (Sinico- Korean, Ori- ental culture) . The watchword of a revolutionary party in Korea founded in 1859 by a native Korean scholar named Choi, who fused together the elements of the three systems of Confucius, Buddha, and Lao-tse. In 18G5 he was branded as a 'foreigner Korean.' and beheaded, and bis fol- lowers were persecuted, but still increased. In 1893 a delegation of 50 of them went to Seoul and petitioned for the rehabilitation of Choi. They were driven away, but in the succeeding spring occurred the Tong-Hak uprising that led indirectly to the Chino-Japanese war of 1894, the independence of Korea, and the present Russian aggressiveness in Manchuria. See Korea. TONGKING', or TONQUIN, ton'ken', Fr. pron. tuN'kax'. A French protectorate in French Indo-China (q.v.), situated just south of the Tropic of Cancer, in Southeastern Asia, bor- dered by China on the north, the Gulf of Tongking on the east, Annam, Laos, and Siam on the south and southwest, and Laos on the west (Map: French Indo-China. E 2). Area, estimated at 46,400 square miles. Tongking has a heavily forested plateau in the north. The eastern part is tilled, and contains slate and lime- stone. The protectorate is traversed in a south- easterly direction by the navigable Red River (q.v.) or Song-Koi, its delta district covering some 5000 square miles. This district, together with the neighboring islands, aflTords coal(kebao) and fishing. Other minerals of the protectorate are iron, copper, and gold. The climate is hot and humid. Storms are frequent in summer. The temperature ranges from 61.7° to 84° F. The soil is of great fertility. The flora in the south- west resembles that of India ; that of the north- east is akin to that of Southern China. Nuts and tropical fruits abound. France is making strong endeavors to colonize the protectorate. The cattle industry is promi- nent. Opium, cacao, sugar, tea, cotton, corn, cof- fee, and tobacco promise to be extensively culti- vated. Rice, the staple crop, equals the best in the world. Furniture. glass,silk, cotton, indigo, paper, oil, and sugar are manufactured. The commerce has rapidly increased. The imports consist large- ly of machinery, metals, and textiles. The main exports are rice and animal products. The transit and the coast trade are extensive. The leading commercial points are Haiphong (the chief port, possessing a fine harbor) Kwang-yen, and Nam Dinh. A railroad extends from the last point to Hanoi, and thence northeast to Lung- chow. The Red River Valley railroad to Yun- nan and the coast line to Hu6 arc in course of construction. There are ocean cables to Hu5 and Hong Kong. The largest city is Hanoi, the seat of the resident superior of Tongking, as well as of the Governor-General of French Indo- China. {for government, see French Indo- Cnix..) There are fourteen provinces. The budget in 1902 balanced at $851,200. See Hanoi.
