TOPHET. 351 are uncertain. See Hinnom, Valley of; JIo- LECH. TOPINARD, tfi'pe'niir', Pail (1830—). A Fieneli anthropologist, born at Isle-Adam (Seine- et-Oise). He spent ten years in the United States, returned to study medicine in Paris, and estab- lished himself there in 1869, but after 1871 gave up his practice in order to study anthro- pology under Broca. He became curator for the Society d'Anthropologie in 1872, assistant di- rector of the anthropological laboratory in the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, professor in the school of anthropology (1870), and secretary-general of the Soci^te d'Anthropologie after Broca's death in 1880. He also succeeded Broca as ed- itor of the Revue anthropoloyumc was com- missioner for the section of anthropology at the exhibition of 1889, and in that year was ad- mitted to the Legion of Honor. His publica- tions include Etude sur la laiUe consider6e suivant I'agc, le sexe, I'individu, les milieux et les races (1865) ; Etude sur Ics races indifjrnes d'Australie (1872); L' Anthropologic (1876); Des anomalies de nomhrc de la colonne vertc- hrale chee I'homme (1877) ; and EUments d'an- thropologie generate (1885). TOP'LADY, Augustus Montague (1740- 78 ) . A clergj'man of the Church of England. He was born at Farnham, Surrey, and was edu- cated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Dublin (B.A. 1760). He was ordained priest in 1764 and became rector of Broad Hemburj' in 1768. In 1775 failing health necessitated his re- moval to London, where he died of consumption, August 14, 1778. He was the great champion of Calvinism in the Church of England, and wrote much against the Methodists, with vigor of lan- guage and argimient. but often with undue as- perity of style. He is best known as the au- thor of the popular hymn "Rock of Ages, Cleft for Me" (1775). He edited for several years the Gospel Magazine. His controversial works, mostly in reply to Wesley, are numerous. The best was The Historic Proof of the Doctrinal Calvinism- of the Church of England (1774). His works were published with memoir (6 vols., 1794; 2d ed., 1825); there is another memoir by W. Winters (London, 1872). Of his poetry the best edition is by D. Sedgwick (London, 1860). TOPLER, tep'ler, August (1836—). A Ger- man physicist. He was born in Briihl, on the Rhine, and was educated in Berlin, and after various minor appointments became professor at the Polytechnic School in Riga in 1864, and in 1808 professor of physics in Gratz, where he built the Physical Institute. In 1876 he was called to tJie professorship of physics in the Polytechnic Institute in Dresden. He devised numerous forms of apparatus, especially in con- nection with optical and electrical phenomena. The electrical machine that bears his name is perhaps the best known of his inventions. Be- sides numerous papers he wrote Opiische Studien nach der Methode der Schlierenieobach- tung (1865). TOPLITZ, tep'lits. A town of Austria. See Teplitz. TOP-MINNOW. One of the minnows of the extensive genus Gambusia. They are small TOBBERT. viviparous fishes inhabiting still waters in the Southern States, Mexico, and Cuba, and keeping near the surface of the water. See Minnow; and Plate of Killifisiies and Top-Minnows. TOP-SHELL. A mollusk of the scutibran- chiate family Trocliid^, so called because the shell, when reversed, often presents a striking simi- larity in shape to a boy's top. When ground and polished they are ex- tremely beautiful, and are largely used as orna- ments. The operculum is horny, circular, nuilti- spiral, and has a central nucleus ; and these oper- culae were formerly high- top-shell (Trocbus Xilo- ly valued in the East to ""■*• serve the purpose of an artificial eye. These mollusks dwell in great numbers and variety along all weedy coasts, and feed upon marine herbage. TOPSY. A typical young slave in Uncle Tom's Cabin. She is ignorant and morally un- developed, but shrewd and cunning. TORAH, or THORAH, to'ra (Heb. hat- tOrah, law, direction, Babylon, tertu, oracle, di- vine revelation). The Hebrew term technically applied to the Pentateuch. Besides the term Torah, there is also used Torath Moshe, i.e. Law of Moses, on the basis of the tradition which ascribes the whole Pentateuch (the historical as well as the legal portions) to Moses. Traces of the original sense of Torah as 'oracle' are to be found in various passages of the Old Testa- ment. Consult Haupt. "Babylonian Influence in the Levitic Ritual," in the 'journal of Biblical Literature, vol. xix. (1900) ; Zimmern, Beitriige zur Kenntnis der habi/lonischen Religion (Leip- zig, 1896-1900). TORBANEHILL MINERAL. See ToB- banite. TORBANITE, Torbanehill Mineral, or Boghead Coal. A dark brown variety of can- nel coal found at Torbanehill, near Bathgate, Scotland. It contains over 60 per cent, of volatile matter and is extensively used for the extraction of burning and lubricating oils, paraffin, and illuminating gas. TOR'BERT, Alfred Thomas Archimedes (1833-80). An American soldier, born at Georgetown,. Del. He graduated at West Point in 1855. He took part in the Peninsular campaign, and in August, 1862, became com- mander of a brigade of the Sixth Corps, which he led during the campaigns of Northern Vir- ginia and Slaryland, participating in the second battle of Bull Run and in the battles of South Mountain and Antietani. He was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers in 1862, and by his gallantly at Gettysburg earned the brevet of major in the Regular Army. In April, 1864, he was transferred to the cavalry, and was placed in command of the First Division of the Army of the Potomac. He commanded at the actions of Han- overtown, Matadequin Creek. Winchester, Kearnysville, Milford, Luray, Waynesborough, Jlount Crawford, Ponis Run, Liberty Mills, and Gordonsville. He was brevetted major-
