TOBBERT. 352 TORLONIA. general of volunteers in 1864, and in the Regular Array in 181)5. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in 1806, and resigned his com- mission in the Regular Army. In 1869 he was appointed United States Minister to the Cen- tral American States; in 1871 was transferred as consul-general to Havana, Cuba; and in 1873 was transferred as consul-general to Paris, France. This last office he held until 1878. He was drowned in a wreck off Cape Canaveral, Fla. TOECELLO^ tor-chel'lo. A small town and island in the lagoon of Venice, Italy, six miles northeast of Venice. The seventh-century Byzan- tine cathedral, Santa Maria, has a gorgeous twelfth-century mosaic representing biblical scenes. The Santa Fosca Church is also archi- tecturally interesting. There are two small mu- seums of antiquities. The population of the isl- and is about 130. TORCH DANCE. Specifically, a ceremony held at certain European courts, especially that of Prussia, upon the marriage of any member of the ruling house. It is participated in by Ministers of State and Privy Coincilors, as well as by the members of the roj'al family. Its most striking feature is a march or procession about a hall of the palace by the bride and bridegroom accompanied by their relatives and led by the Ministers and Councilors, in pairs, all of whom carry lighted wax candles. The torch dance is probably a survival from early fire-worship cere- monials, which under various forms appeared sporadically in Europe during the Middle Ages. TOR'DA. A town of Hungary. See Thoeenburg. TORDESILIiAS, tor'da-sel'yas. Convention OF. See Demarcation, Line of. TO'RELL,. Otto Martin (1828-1900). A Swedish naturalist, born at Warberg. He studied medicine and the natural sciences at Lund and then traveled through Scandinavia, Switzerland, and Iceland engaged in scientific investigation. In 1858 he accompanied Nordenskjold to Spitz- bergen, thence making his way to Greenland, and in 1801 he went again with Nordenskjold to Spitzbergen. Five years afterwards he was ap- pointed professor of zoology and geology at Lund. In 1871 he was called to Stockholm as chief of the Geological Survey. His map of Sweden ranks with the best that have been made. Besides many papers on the Ice Age and upon animal life in the North, he wrote an ac- count of the Swedish expeditious to Spitzbergen of 1861, 1864, and 1868. TORELLI, to-rel'Ie, Achille (1844—). An Italian dramatist, born at Naples. He wrote his first comedy, Dopo morte, at the age of sixteen — a piece still played under the title Chi muore, glace. In 1867 his I mariti scored a tremendous triumph, which, however, was not repeated. In 1878 he was made director of the San Carlo Theatre at Naples. His other plays include: Prima di nasccre (1862) ; II preceitore del re (1863) ; II colore del tempo (1875) ; and Scrol- lina (1880). TORELLI, Giuseppe (c.1660-1708). An Italian violinist and composer, born in Verona, originator of the Concerto grosso. This form of music remained in favor until the time of Handel and prepared the way for the modern symphony. With Corelli, Torelli was the principal musician of his time. He became connected with the Church of San Petronio at Bologna ( 1685) , joined the Accademia Filarmouica of that city, and in 1703 was made concert master to the Margrave of Brandenburg. TORELLI-TORRIANI, tor're-a'ne, Maria. An Italian novelist, born at Novara, better knOAvn uler her pseudonym Marchesa Colombi. She prepared for a pedagogical career, but, fail- ing to secure a position, resorted to her pen, and after marrj-ing, in 1869, Eugenio Torelli- VioUier, editor of the Corriere dclla Hera in Milan, produced a series of tales which made her widely popular. Her first book, La gente per bene (1877), created a sensation, and was followed by the novel Tempesta e bonaccia (1878), which, however, did not attain to the merit of the tale In Risaia (1877), a touch- ing description of peasant misery. Her other publications include: Piccole cause (1879) ; liens' amore (1883) ; /( tramonto d'un ideale (1883) ; Giornate piorose (1884) yPrima morire (1887) ; Troppo tardi (1890) ; Cara speranza (1895) ; Le gioie degli altri (1900) ; and the collection of |)oems Luiigo la vita (1891). TORF^TJS, tor-fe'us, Thormodus, or TnoR- MODR ToRFASON (1636-1719). An Icelandic an- tiquary. He was born at Engo, Iceland; was edu- cated at the University of Copenhagen ; and in 1662 returned to Iceland by command of Fred- erick III. to collect saga manuscripts. In 1067 he was appointed royal antiquary, and in 1682 royal historiographer for Norway. He translated sev- eral Icelandic works into the Danish language, and was the author of Ilistoria Vinlandio! An- tUjua; (1705) ; Gra'nlandia Antiqua (1706) ; and Bistoria lierum Norvegioarum (4 vols., 1711). TORGATJ, tor'gou. A fortified town of the Province of Saxony, Prussia, on the left bank of the Elbe, 31 miles east-northeast of Leipzig (Map: Prussia, E 3). Tlie Castle of Hartenfels (1481-1544), one of the largest Renaissance edi- fices in Germany, was once the residence of the electors of Saxony. It is now used as barracks. There is a museum of Saxon antiquities. Gloves, glass, druggists' sundries, cigars, and biscuits are manufactured. Frederick the Great here de- feated the Austrians in 1760. Population, in 1900, 11,807. TORII, to're' (Jap., bird-rest, or, less prob- ably, gatewa}' ) . An archway formed by two upright posts and one horizontal beam, placed before the Shinto shrines in Japan. It is sup- posed that the Torii was originally a perch for sacred fowl who were to herald the approach of day. TORLO'NIA. A princely Roman family. Its founder, Giovanni Torlonia (1754-1829), was a poor cicerone of Rome, who grew enormously rich in manipulating assignats during the French Revolution, and as banker for many kings and princes. He was made a grandee of Spain, and Duke of Bracciano by the Pope. His three sons married into the highest families, the eldest sue- ■ ceeding to the dukedom, the youngest, Alessan- DRO, becoming Prince of Civitella-Cesi and Duke of Ceri, and acquiring immense wealth, of which he made charitable use. He acquired fame by suc- cessfully draining Lake Celano (Fucino) at an
