TOTH. 372 TOTTEN. TOTH, tot, KoLOMAN (1831-81). An Hun- garian poet, born at Baja, County of Bacs-Bodrog. He took part in the Revolution of 1848, and pub- lished in 1852 his first collection of patriotic poems, which achieved instant success. The next year appeared Paul Kinizsi. Then came a num- ber of plays, one of which, Egy kirdlyne ("A Queen," 1857), took the Academy's prize. In 1800 Toth founded the comic paper liolond Miska ("Foolish Michael"). The same year he was elected to the Kisfaludy Society, and in 1861 to the Academy. The play A niik az alkotmiinyban ("Women in Constitutional Life," 1871) was the fir.st to be well received on the stage, Toth's popularity being in the field of patriotic verse. TOT'ILA. An Ostrogothie king whose real name was Badvila. He was chosen in 541 to oc- cupy the throne made vacant by the assassina- tion of his uncle Hildibald. He prosecuted the war with the forces of the Eastern Emperor not only with great success, but also with chivalrous generosity and humanity. After reducing South- ern Italy, he laid siege to Eome. to relievg which Justinian once more sent out the celebrated Be- lisarius. The city fell, however, in 540, and after five years of fruitless warfare, in which he was poorly supported by his Government, Be- lisarius asked to be recalled. Totila thereupon ravaged Sicily, reduced Sardinia and Corsica, and harassed the coasts of Greece, but in 552 was defeated and killed at Tagins (or Tadinte) by an army under command of the eunucli Xarses. TOTLEBEN, tot'la-ben, or TODLEBEN, Fkanz Ediard Ivanovitch, Count (1818-84). A Russian general of engineers. He was born at Mitau, Courland, Jlay 20, 1818, and after study- ing at Riga was admitted as a student to the college of engineers at Saint Petersburg. He served as a lieutenant of engineers in the Cau- casus campaign of 1848-51, and in 1854 took part in the siege of Silistria. When the French. and English troops undertook the siege of Sebastopol, Totleben, then a colonel, was sent to assist in its defense. The fortifications were placed under his direction. The principle on which he acted was to watch the works of the allies, and to es- tablish against them on every point a superiority of fire, by multiplying the number and increas- ing the calibre of his guns. The prodigious ac- tivity displayed by the Russians in making good the damage sustained by the heavy fire of the enemy filled the allied army with astonishment. Massive ramparts mounted with formidable bat- teries rose at each threatened point within the line of defense. In .June, 1855, Totleben was wounded and he was forced to relinquish active supervision of the defense. After the conclusion of peace he expanded what was at first a mere engineer's report into a history of the war in the Crimea, entitled Defense de Sebastopol. For his services Totleben was made adjutant to the Em- peror, and in 1800 general of engineers. In the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 Totleben was intrusted with the investment of Plevna after re- peated assaults on the works had been repulsed with immense slaughter. He succeeded in com- pletely cutting off the city from all outside relief, so that finally nothing was left to Osman Pasha but to attempt to break through the lines of the besiegers, in which he failed. In April, 1878. he received the supreme command of the Russian forces in Turkey. He became Governor-General of Odessa in 1879 and commandant of Vilna in the following year. He died at Soden, Germany, •July 1, 1884, and was buried in Sebastopol. (See Crimean War.) There are biographies of Totle- ben by Brialmont (Brussels, 1884) and by Kriih- nier (Berlin, 1888). TOTO'NAC. An ancient cultured nation whose territory embraced the northern portion of the present State of Vera Cruz, with the adjacent portion of Puebla, Mexico. Their language has numerous Mayan and Nahuatlan afiinities, but appears to be of distinct stock. They claimed to have come from the northwest about eight lumdred years before the Spanish Conquest and to have been the builders of the remarkable ruins of Teotihuacan, about ten miles northwest of the City of Mexico. For several centuries they had maintained their independence, but had been con- quered by the Aztec emperors some time before the coming of the Spaniards. Cortez made his first landing in their territory. They were fully as highly advanced as the Aztecs. Their capital, Cempoalla, was about five miles from the sea- coast, with houses built of brick and mortar, each house in the centre of a small garden watered by a constantly flowing stream, and the city itself was surrounded by fruit trees and fields of grain. Their religion was a ceremonial sun-worship, and they practiced circumcision and head-flattening. They still constitute an important part of the population of their former territory, retaining many of their ancient rites interwoven with those of the conquering religion. TOTONICAPAN, to'ti-ne-ka-piin'. A town in the department of the same name, Guatemala, 61 miles northwest of the capital city (Map: Cen- tral America, B 3). Its population is almost wholly native, of Quichg descent, and its indus- tries accordingly consist of simple weaving and wood and stone work. The country is mostly sterile. The town was the centre of the Quiche opposition to Alvarado. Population, about 20,- 000. TOT'TEL, Richard (c.1525-94). An English publisher, compiler of the celebrated TotteVs Miscellany. Of his early life nothing is known. Granted in 1553 a seven years' patent to print law books, and charter member of the Stationers' Company in 1557. his patent was renewed for life in 1559. He reached a high position in the Sta- tioners' Company, finally dropping out of it in 1589 on account of ill health. Besides the l.^w books which he issued, Tottel published a few volumes of general literature which invest him with a literary and bibliographic interest. Among these were More's Dialogue of Comfort (1553) ; Lj-dgate's Fall of Princes (1554); Hawes's Pastime of Pleasure (1555) ; Grimald's transla- tion of De 0/ficiis (1550) ; and Surrey's transla- tion (1557) of the second and fourth books of the .Jineid- — the earliest English blank verse known. The Miscellany appeared June 5, 1557, and contained 271 unpublished poems by Surrey, Wyatt, Grimald, Forrest, Heywood, Thomas, Vaux. and others unidentified. The verse of Surrey and Wyatt is not known to have appeared anywhere else. The book was the first of poetic anthologies in England. TOT'TEN, .Jo-SEPH Gilbert (1788-1804). An American soldier, born at New Haven. Conn. He graduated at West Point in 1805; and during the
