TOTTEN. 373 TOUCH. War of 1812 served as chief engineer in the cam- paign of 1S12-13 on the Niagara frontier and in that of 1813-14 on the Lake Chaniplain line of operations; and participated in the battle of Queenstowu Heights, the capture of Fort George, the attack on La Cole Mill, and the battle of riattsburg. For gallant conduct in the last- named engagement he was brevetted lieutenant- colonel. In 1847, during the Mexican War, he di- rected the engineering operations in the siege of Vera Cruz, and for Iiis services was brevetted brigadier-general. During the Civil War he served as commander of the corps of engineers (1861-04) ; as president of aboard to regulate and fi.x the ordnance of permanent fortifications and field batteries (1801-02) ; and on April 21, 1864, one day before his death, was brevetted major- general, L'nited States Array, for "long, faithful, and eminent services." He was much interested in the natural sciences, and was an authority on conchologj'. Two species of shells, the Gemma Tottenii and the Succinca Tottcnii, were named in his honor. He published: Reports on Xational Defenses (1851); Essays on Ordnanee (1857); and other works. TOTTENHAM, tot'en-am. A town in Middle- sex, England, a connecting suburb of London, six miles northeast of Saint Paul's (Map: London, C 8) , on the river Lea, which affords good bathing and boating. The town is undergoing much mod- ern improvement; owns its water-works; main- ' tains a free library, recreation grounds and parks, including the Bruce Castle Park, the site of the old Bruce estate and castle in which King Rob- ert's father died in 1303. Alexandra Palace, a favorite metropolitan plea'sure resort, is partly within the urban limits. Population, in 1891, 71,343; in 1901, 102,519. TOTTOEI, tot-to're. The capital of the Pre- fecture of Tottori, in Western Hondo, Japan, 70 miles northwest of KobS (Map: Japan, D 6). It has manufactures of cotton and silk goods. Population, in 1898, 28,496. TOUCAN (Brazilian toucano, probably nose- bone, less plausibly explained as meaning feather, or of onomatopoetic origin). A bird of the family Rhamphastidae, related to the barbets, jacamars, and puff-birds (qq.v.), and not very distantly to the woodpeckers, and containing about 50 known species, all natives of tropical America, and remarkable for the magni- tude of the bill. They are divided into two groups, the true toucans (Rhamphastos) and the aragaris (Pteroglossus) , of which the latter contains the greater number of species : the for- mer has the larger bill, and the tail is shorter. There is a difference also in the prevalent colors, the aragaris generally exhibiting much green and yellow, while the true toucans have the ground color of the plumage usually black; the throat, breast, and rump often gayly adorned with white, yellow, and red. The colors, however, are not in general finely blended, but appear in strong contrast. The legs of toucans are short ; the feet have two toes before and two behind. The form of the body is short and thick; the tail is compara- tively short, rounded or even, and is turned up over the hody when the bird is at roost. The enormous bill is at the base of the full width and depth of the head, and is in some species more than half the length of the body. It is arched toward the tip, irregularly toothed along the mar- gins of the mandibles, and extremely cellular and light, yet strong in structure, 'ihe tongue i.s very long, narrow, and singularly feathered on each side, and takes an important part in gath- ering food. Toucans cat fruits with avidity, but they also seize and devour small birds, lizards, etc. They make a curious clattering noise with their great mandibles and also emit a harsh cry. They live chiefly in the depths of the .South American forests, in small flocks. They lay two white glossy eggs in hollows of trees, making little if any nest for them, are easily tamed, and in captivity readilj' eat rice, bread, potatoes, eggs, meat, and many other kinds of food, and make amusing pets. The colors of the bill are, in most of the species, very brilliant during life, but dis- appear from stuffed specimens in museums. The largest species, as the toco of Argentina (Rham- phastos toeo), are about 24 inches in length, the bill in this species measuring 7ti inches, and the tail 10 inches. One of the most familiar spe- cies is the Brazil ariel, in which the throat is yellow and the rump scarlet. See Plate of H0RNBILI,.S .VND ToUCANS. TOUCEY, tou'si, Isaac (1796-1869). An American politician, born at Newtown, Conn. He was educated privately, studied law, and was admitted to the bar at' Hartford in 1818. From 1S22 to 1825 he was State's Attorney for Hart- ford County, and from 1835 to 1839 was a mem- ber of the L'nited .States House of Representa- tives. He was again State's Attorney in 1842- 44, and was elected Governor by the Legislature in 1840 when the election was thrown into that body. From .June, 1848, to March 3, 1849, he was Attorney-General of the United States. In 1850 he served in the State Senate, and in 1852 in the State House of Representatives. In 1S52-57 he was United States Senator and under President Buchanan he was Secretary of the Navy. It was charged by the Republicans that he had manifested his sympathy with the South- ern cause by sending the warships of the United States to distant stations so that they could not readily be gotten together. TOUCH (OF. toucher, tocher, Fr. toucher. It. toccare, from Germ, "tukhon, OHG. zucJcan, Ger. slacken, to twitch ; connected with OHG. eiohan, Ger. Ziehen, Goth, tiuhan, AS. tfon, to draw). One of the five special senses; the tactile sense. The sense of touch is widely dis- tributed, but it must be distinguished from the other varieties of common sensation — pain, and temperature perception. These are perceived through the same nerves — the sensory — but the nerve fibres which are identified with the sense of touch proper are provided with special end organs, and the sense, moreover, is only exercised in any degree of perfection in those parts where there is an abundance of special end organs. These are of two kinds: touch corpuscles, situ- ated chiefly in the skin; and end bulbs, found mainly in the mucous membranes. The lips and genital organs, being on the border line of skin and mucous membrane, are possessed of both touch corpuscles' and end bulbs. The Pacinian corpuscles are widely distributed, but their part in connection with the tactile sense is only par- tially understood. They are numerous as the nerves of the palmar surface of the fingers, but, when found, are situated deeply in the skin or in
