TROMP. 482 TBOP^OLUM. the command to De Ruyter, but, restored to his post in November, he inttieted a severe defeat on Blake ofl' the Goodwin Sands and for a time was master of the Channel. In February, 1053, while convoying a large merchant fleet through the Channel, he made a gallant running fight against a superior English fleet under Blalce, Penn, and Monk. In June he encountered the English in the Channel and was compelled to seek refuge in the Texel, after losing seventeen of his ships. In the first days of August he once more took to the sea, and in a battle against the English fleet, under Jlonk, otf Ter Ilcvde, which raged from AugT.ist 8th to August .lOt'h (old style, July 29th-31st), he lost twenty- six of his ships and his life. He was buried at Delft, and a splendid monument marks the grave of the victor in thirty-three naval combats. TROMPETER VON SAKKINGEN, tr.im- pa'ter fun zek'ing-en, Der (Ger., The Trumpeter of Sakkingen). An extraordinarily popular poem by Joseph Viktor von Scheffel (1853). The story is a legend connected with a seventeenth- century tombstone in the churchyard of Siik- kingen which records the death of Werner Kirch- hofer and Maria Ursula, daughter of the Baron of Siikkingen. Werner, a musician, loved the Baron's daughter, whom her father therefore sent to the Viennese Court. Werner followed, was made leader of the Court band, and finally, through the intervention of the Emperor, re- ceived the i-eward of his constancy. Schefi'el adheres closely to the original legend, weaving about it experiences of his own life. The poem is one of the most perfect expressions in litera- ture of German sentiment. TRONDHJEM, tron'yem, THRONDHJEM, or DRONTHEIM. A city of Norway, situated at the mouth of the Nid River, on the south shore of the Trondhjemsfjord, 240 miles north of Chris- tiania (Map: Norway, D 5). Although it is so far north, its climate is remarkably mild, and the fjord never freezes. On one of the surround- ing picturesque hills stands the fortress of Chris- tiansten. Another fort is on the small island of Munkholm in the fjord opposite the city, cele- brated as the place of imprisonment of the Dan- ish Minister Grifl'enfeld (q.v. ). The town is regularly laid out with wide streets. Many of the houses are built of wood. The principal building is the large cathedral, probably the finest church in Scandinavia. It was founded in the eleventh century over the tomb of Saint Olaf, and consists of a Gothic nave and choir with a Romanesque transept. It has latterly been restored. By the present Constitution of the country the kings of Sweden and Norway must be crowned in the Cathedral of Trondhjem. Noteworthy also are the arsenal in the old Kongsgaard and the fisheries museum and the leading library. The industries are rep- resented by sawmills, wood-pulp factories, fish-curing establishments, machine shops, and shipyards. The commerce is very consider- ble. It amounts to over .$9,000,000 annually, while the shipping entries in 1000 amounted to 277,743 tons. The chief exports are copper ore from the Roros mines, also iron and pyrites, timber, w'ood-pulp, and fish. Population, in isni, 29.162: in 1901. 38.150. Trondhjem was foundnd by Olaf Tryggvason, who built a palace there in 996. Its early name was Nidaros. During the Middle Ages it was an important city and a goal of pilgrimage. TROOP. See Army Organization. TROOPIAL (Fr. iroupial, from troupe, troup). A book name for the American hang- nests and blackbirds of the family Icteridae. TROOST, trOst, Gerakd (1776-1850). A Dutch-American geologist and mineralogist. He studied at the universities of Leyden and Am- sterdam. In 1809, while on his way to Java as a member of a naval expedition, he was captured by an English privateer and carried to Dunkirk. Soon after his return to Paris, where he had studied mineralogy luider Haiiy, he undertook a voyage to the East Indies by way of America. But on account of political changes in .Java he decided to remain in the United States. He was one of the founders and the first president of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. He was professor of mineralogy and chemistry at the College of Pharmacy and at the Philadelphia Museum, and in 1828 became professor of chem- istry, geology, and mineralogy at the University of Nashville. His published works include con- tributions to scientific journals and a Geological Survey of the Environs of Philadelphia (1826). In 1814 he established the first alum factory in the United States at Cape Sable, Md. TROP.a;'OLirM: (Neo-Lat., from Gk. rpoiraloc, tropnios, relating to turning or change, from TpnTT!/, trope, a turning, from Tpcireiv, trepein, to turn). Nasturtium. Indian Cress, Yellow Larkspiir. a genus of the order Geraniaceae, containing about 35 South American species of beautiful twining or spreading annuals and per- ennials, producing orange-yellow and sometimes Tropaolum Majus, gakdex xasturtium. very dark purple or blue flowers in summer. Many are cultivated for ornamental purposes upon arbors, walls, and trellises. The pickled fruits are sometimes employed as a substitute for ca|)ers and the fleshy rootstock of several species as a human food. The best known spe-
