TROLLOPE. 481 TKOMP. 1896). Consult Frances Trollopc, by her daugh- ter-iu-law, Frances Eleanor TroUope (London, 1S05). TKOLLOPE, Thomas Adolphis (1810-92). An English author, born in London April 29, 1810. His mother was Frances TroUope (q.v.), and Anthony TroUope ( q.v. ) was a j'ounger brother. He was educated at Winchester and at Oxford. In 1843 he settled at Florence, where his house on the Piazza Maria Antonia became the gathering place of English and American authors traveling in Italy. To his hospitable wife Laudor addressed the lines, "To Theodosia." Like his mother and brother. TroUope wielded a ready pen. Not reckoning a prodigious num- ber of articles contrilnited to newspapers and other periodicals, he published fully sixty vol- umes. And, it is said, he was always interest- ing. His most conspicuous works weie connect- ed with Italy. Among them are: Impressions of a 'Wanderer in Italy (1850); The Girlhood of Catherine de' Medici (1856) ; A Decade of Ital- ian Women (1859); Filippo Strozzi, a History of the Last Days of the Old Italian Liberty (1860); A Lenten Journey in I'ntbria and the Marches of Ancona (1862); A History of the Coinmonn-ealth of Florence to the Fall of the Republic in 1531 (1865) ; and The Story of the Life of Pius IX. (1877). TroUope also wrote many novels. His last years were passed in England. He died at Clifton November 11, 1892. His second wife, Fbances Eleanor Trol- LOPE, wrote Black Spirits and White (1877); That Unfortunate Marriage (1888) ; and Frances TroUope, Her Life and Literary Work (2 vols., 1895). Consult Trollope's autobiography under the titles What I Remeniber (2 vols., 1887) and Further Reminiscences (1889). TKOLLS (Icel., Swed. troll, troll; connected with Ger. Droll. Troll, troll, Eng. droU). In mj'thologj', misshapen dwarfs. They inhabited hills and mounds, had abnormal thieving pro- pensities, stole children and substituted their cwu offspring for them. They were peculiarly sensitive to noise, which was their especial aver- sion, as it reminded them of the hammer of Thor, which he was accustomed to throw after them. They were called 'the hill-people.' Though strong, they were easily outwitted by men. TROMBONE (It. trombone, augmentative of truinba. trumpet, probably from OHG. tnimba. trumpa, Ger. Trommel, drum, perhaps corrupted fronrLat. triumphus, triumph; ultimately con- nected with Eng. drum). A niusical instrument of the trumpet family, the tones of which are produced by means of a slide-mechanism. In its prc>^ent form it was known as early as the beginning of the sixteenth century. To-daj' the trombone is made in four different sizes, known as the alto, tenor, bass, and contra-bass trom- bone. The compass of the alto trombone is from A to eb"; that of the tenor trombone from E to bb'; that of the bass trombone from Ji to f : and that of the contra-bass trombone from ,E to d'. Besides this regular compass each trombone is capable of producing seven pedal- tones, descending chromatically and beginning a tritone (q.v.) below the lowest tone of the compass of the instrument. The intermediate tones between tiie highest pedal-tone and the lowest regular tone are wanting. The trombones are non-transposing instruments and the notes all sound as written. In playing this instriuncnt seven positions are used. The first position is wlien the slide is completely pushed in. Taking the tenor trombone for the purpose of illustra- tion, tlie lowest tone that can be produceil in the first ])osition is B(). In every position all tlie partial tones from 2 to 8 (see Ac'orSTlcs) can be produced. Thus in the fir.st position on the tenor trombone the following tones are pro- duced: Bb, f, bb, d', f, ab'. bb'. The second po- sition is obtained by drawing out the slide .so far that A is produced. The partial tones for this position are A, e, a, c$', e', g f. The third position begins on Ab and so on, descending by sem.itonos till the seventh position beginning with E is reached. Recently trombones have been constructed in which the sliding mechanism is replaced by pis- ton or rotary valves. These instruments permit more rapid execution than the sliding trombones, but are much inferior to the latter in purity of intonation. See Orchestra. TROMP, tromiJ, Cornelis (1629-91). A Dutch admiral, second son of Martin Tromp. He was born at Rotterdam. As a youth he leil a squadron against the Barbary pirates. He be- came rear-admiral in 1653. With Opdam he com- manded the Dutch forces in the disastrous battle of Lowestoft (June 13, 1665) and in the rout succeeded in saving a part of the fleet. In .June, 1606, he was with De Ruyter in a desperate four days' battle in the Downs against an English fleet under Monk and Prince Rupert, the com- bat resulting in victory for neither side. In August his conduct in the battle of Dunkirk led De Ruyter to prefer charges against him, which caused his removal. When war broke out in 1672 between Holland and the allied English and French, Tromp was restored to his command and fought with consummate bravery on .June 7 and 14, 1673, against the combined English and French fleets, under Prince Rupert and D'EstrS'es, driving the enemy into the Thames. On August 21st a third great battle was fought near the Zealand coast. After the conclusion of peace Charles II. made Tromp a baron (1675). Tromp sub.sequently fought in the employ of the Danes against the Swedes, and after De Ruyter's death was made commander- in-chief of the naval forces of the Dutch. He died Jlay 29, 1691, and was buried at Delft by his father's side. TROMP, Martin Harpertzoon (incorrectly, Van Tromp) (1597-1653). A celebrated Dutch admiral, born at Brielle. He went to sea at a very early age, was made prisoner in an engage- ment with an English frigate, in which his father was killed, and for more than two years was held in confinement on board an English vessel. For some time after this his history is ob.scure, but in 1624 he appears as captain of a frigate in the Dutch navy, and in 1637 was made vice-admiral. In 1639 he won a brilliant victory over a Spanish fleet off Gravelines in the Straits of Dover, de- stroying 49 of the enemy's ships with the lo.ss of only one ves.sel. His greatest fame, however, was gained in the war against England which broke out in 1652. In May of that year he was worsted by Blake and was compelled to yield
