TRYON. 509 on shipboard and remained in the harbor until Howe's entry in September, 1776. In 1777 he took active command of some loyalist troops, and in June, 1778, gave up civil for military duties entirely, and was promoted 'major-general in America.' In 1779 he made an expedition into Connecticut, where he burned Danbury. During the winter of 1779-80 he was in command of the New York district, but returned to England in 1780, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant- general in November, 1782. TRY'S A (Lat., from Gk. TpuVa, now called Geul-Bashi) . An ancient town, situated on a plateau (2475 feet high) in Southern Lycia, a short distance west of Myra. The site is of interest only from the Heroon erected near the end of the fifth century B.C. by a native prince. This is a quadrangular inclosure about 60 X 75 feet, with a door in the south wall. In the northeast corner stood the large sarcophagus, and in the southeast the small booths for the guard and the funeral feasts. The importance of the monument is in its sculptured decorations. Around the inner wall near the top are two rows of sculptured frieze, and a similar decoration adorns the outside of the south wall. Only the sculptures around the door show any trace of Oriental influence; the rest are evidently derived from good Greek models. On the outside are represented the expedition of the Seven against Thebes, a battle between Greeks and Trojans on the right of the door, and on the left battles of the Greeks with Amazons and centaurs. In- side on the south wall on the right are Odysseus slaying the suitors and the C'alydonian Hunt, on the left a banquet and dance of youths and maidens. On the east wall, which is much muti- lated, can be traced the deeds of Theseus, a battle with centaurs, and a banquet. The north wall contains the Dioscuri carrying away the daughters of Leucippus, a hunting scene, and the eonflict of the Lapithie and centaurs. The west wall contains the battle of Greeks and Trojans between the city and the ships, apparently the storming of the city of Troy, and the battle of Achilles with the Amazon. Apparently the artist was influenced by the great painters of the fifth century, and for this reason the frieze possesses a unique importance. Its total length is nearly 350 feet, and the height varies between three and four feet. First mentioned in 1841 by Schiinborn, the ruins were excavated between 1881 and 188.3 by an Austrian expedition, and the sculptures brought to Vienna. Consult Benndorf and Nie- mann. Das IJeroiin von Gjolbaschi-Tri/sa, with Atlas (Vienna, 1889). TS'AIDAM or CH'AIDAM, chi'diim. See Tibet. TSANA, Lake. See Tzana. TSAR. See Czar. TSARITSYN, tsa-re'tsln. One of the most important ports on the Volga, situated in the Government of Saratov, Russia, where the Volga approaches within 40 miles of the Don (Map: Russia. F 5). Connected by rail and water with the interior of Russia, Tsaritsyn is the natural outlet for the region of the lower Volg.i. and to some extent of the region of the Don. The chief articles of commerce are fish, salt, petro- leimi, gi-ain, lumber, wool, and nuistard. The local manufactures are spirits, beer, and machin- TSCHAIKOWSKY. cry. The town is poorly built. There is a fine Lutheran church. Poi)ulation, in 1897, 55,967. TSARSKOYE SELO, tsiir'skftye syc-16'. A district town and the summer residence of the Russian Emperor, situated in the Government of Saint Petersburg, about 15 miles south of the capital (Slap: Russia, C 3), It is a pretty town with extensive parks belonging to the royal resi- dences and villas of the Court aristocracy. The Old Palace is characterized by great splendor and contains a fine picture gallery and the cele- brated amber room. The Palace of .loxander. built by Catharine II., is less pretentious. A considerable part of the town's permanent popu- lation is made up of the military and Court em- ployees. Tsarskoye Selo was formerly the seat of the Alexander lycee. where many o"f the most prominent literary men (including Pushkin) and statesmen of Riissia were educated. Population, in 1897, 22,353. The railway line from Tsar- skoye Selo to Saint Petersburg, constructed in 1838, was the first railway in Russia. TSCHAIKO'WSK Y, chi-kov'ske, Peter Iltitch (1840-93). The greatest composer Russia has thus far produced, born at a small place called Votkinsk, in the Ural mining region, on Mav 7, 1840. He studied jurisprudence in Saint Peters- burg, and in 1859 obtained a position in the Slinistry of .Justice. In company with a vnun'j poet named Apukhtin, who greatly influenced his future, he listened to Italian opera whenever an opportunity presented itself. This love of Italian music left its traces in Tsehaikowsky's scores. He entered the Conservatory where Anton Rubin- stein, its director, was attracted by the young man's ability. Tschaikowsky resigned his Govern- ment position, studied music with all the vigor of his nature, and on his leaving the Conserva- tory three years later, he continued to study orchestration with Rubinstein and took up the flute, piano, and organ. In 1866 he accepted the position of teacher of harmony at the Moscow Conservatory. It was at this time that he met the poet Ostrovsky, who gave him the libretto for his first opera, Voi/eroda ["The Chieftain"). Tsehaikowsky's first musical idols were Glinka, the father of modern Russian music, and Mozart. He venerated Beethoven and admired Schumann, but, singularly enough, he never cared nnuh for Chopin. Schumann, with his short- breathed phrases, was the Russian's model in writing for the pianoforte. Tschaikowskv went on composing, undeterred by the lack "of ap- preciation on the part of both the Rubinsteins. Even the brilliant and efi'ective first piano con- certo was picked to pieces by Nicholas, and so hurt was the young composer that he erased the dedication to Nicholas and substituted the name of Hans von Biilow, wlio rewarded the courtesy by producing the concerto in Boston on the oc- casion of his first visit to America (1875-76). Tschaikowsky made the acquaintance of Bala- kirefT. who urged him to compose the Romeo et ■fiilietfe fantaisie overture. Now flowed forth a stream of songs, symphonic poems, concertos, symphonies, operas, chamber music, overtures, dances, many experimental in form, much that was mediocre and also some genuine master- pieces. An unhappy marriage, briefly endured, sent him into a retirement at Klin, which was occasionally interrupted by trips to Germany, France, Italy, Switzerland, and England. He
