TSCHAIKOWSKY. 510 TSCHTTDI. met Brahms and liked the man, but never con- cealed an antipathy for his music. He admired W'aguer, with many reservations, though he will- ingly visited Bayreuth. But he took no great interest in the music drama, preferring old- fashioned operatic forms. All his opinions, musi- cal and otherwise, may be found in his Diary, and in his musical criticisms, which were edited by G. A. Laroche. His fame grew apace, and in the spring of 1891 he visited America, in re- sponse to the invitation of Walter Damrosch, and was present at the dedication of Carnegie Hall, New York. On November 6, 1893, Tschai- kowsky died in Saint Petersburg, after a short illness, of cliolcra. His death evoked universal sympathy, and Russia learned from the western world that she had lost her greatest composer. For many years the opposition to Tschaikowsky was based upon the allegation that he was not really one of the Neo-Russian nationalists, who with Tolstoy 'went to the people' for their themes. Tschaikowsky, like Turgenieff, was a traveled man of culture, and a cosmopolitan on certain sides of his art; but there was no truer patriot than this fiery-souled poet, who demon- strated his slavophilism in a himdred of liis com- positions. His liappiest work is in the pure fantasy, or wliat he was pleased to term 'over- ture fantaisie.' Thus his Manfred, Romio et Juliette, The Tempest, and Francesea da Rimini, gives us Tschaikowsky at the very top of his powers. The unfailing invention which marked his poetic works seemed to desert him when he attempted purely abstract music. A poet first, musician afterwards, Tschaikowsky was inspired by poetic themes. He was a born master of orchestration. Tlie timbres of his instruments meant for him so many voices, and so his works are often tone-dramas, operas without words. Tschaikowsky's music reveals the mighty pes- simism of his nation. His symphonies are often built upon typical phrases, taken from the folk- song; he is Russian in his operas, with their national texts and treatment. Some of his songs — he wrote over a hundred — are masterpieces: "Nur wer die Sehnsucht kennt," "Don Juan Serenade," "Disappointment," "Warum sind die Rosen so blass?" His Florentine string sextet is warm in color, and in his tliree string quai'tets he often strays across the borders into the pleasing country of the operatic. The world has come to recognize the last movement of the Pathetic symphony as an unparalleled embodiment of woe. But as a whole the work hangs loosely together. The fifth sjnuphony is more homo- geneous, the fourth, in F minor, more Russian. There are three piano concertos, a violin con- certo, and many piano pieces. The symphonic poems, with their wealth of musical imagery, their dramatic power and thrilling effects con- stitute Tschaikowsky's claim to immortality. He had a predilection for ballet-music and left charming specimens of dance music in Le cns- senoisetie suite and other compositions in a light vein. His operas are seldom heard outside of Russia. EtKjene Oneijin (1879) is said to be a work of unecpial genius. Besides it. The Voiie- voda (1809), The Maid of Orleans (1881), Mazeppa (1882), and lolanthe (1893) met with success. Other noteworthy works include the lyric drama hnowdrop; three ballets, Le lac des ci/gnes. La belle au bois dormant (1890), and Le eassenoisette; symphonies, symphonic poems, and a great mass of miscellaneous compositions. He published a Treatise on Harmony (1872) ; a translation of Gevaert's Truite d' instrumenta- tion; and also wrote Musikalische Erinnerunyen tend Feuillelons (1899). Consult the biographies by Rosa Newmarch (London, 1900), Knorr (Berlin, 1900), Modest, Tschailcoicsky (Germ, trans., Leipzig, 1901), and Hruby (ib., 1902) ; also Huneker, Mezzotints in Modem Music (New York, 1899) ; Runciman, Old Hcores and New Readings (London, 1899) ; and Imbcrt, Profils de niusiciens (Paris, 1888). TSCHEKMAK, cher'mak, Gustav (1830—). An Austrian mineralogist. He was born at Lit- tau, Moravia; was educated at the University of Vienna, and in 1868 was appointed a pro- fessor in the university and director of the Royal Mineralogical Cabinet. In 1877 he resigned the directorship. His contributions to the pro- ceedings of the Vienna Academy are very numer- ous, and treat for the most part subjects of crystallography and petrography. He is also a prominent authority on meteorites. In 1871 he established at Vienna the Mineralogische Mit- teilungen, published since 1878 as the Mineral- ogische und jKtrographische Mitteilungen. His publications include: Die Porphyrgesteine Oester- reichs (1809); Die tnikroskopische Besehaffen- heit der Meteoriten (1883) : and a Lchrbuch dcr Mineralogie (1884; 5th ed. 1897). TSCHIRNHAUSSN, chern'hou-zen, Ehren- FEiED AValter, Count (1051-1708). A Cierman scientist and mathematician. He was born and educated at Leyden. He traveled considerably in France, Italy, and Switzerland, and served in the army of Holland (1072-73). Tschirnhausen erected large glass works in Saxony, where he constructed burning glasses of unusual perfection and carried on his experiments (1087-88). To him are due some valuable discoveries in the manufacture of porcelain. His Medicina Mentis (1087) testifies to the philosophic tendency of his thought. In mathematics Tschirnhausen is known as the fomider of the theory pi cata- caustics, or caustics by reflection. The original articles appeared in the Acta Eruditorum from 1082 to 1098. These publications contain also his work on equations and quadratics. In con- nection with the latter he invented the quadratrix (see Quadrature) known by his name. Consult Weissenborn, Lebensbeschreibiing des Tschirn- hausen (Kiscnach, 1860). TSCHISTOPOL, chls'to-pol. A district in the Government of Kazan, Eastern Russia (Map: Russia, H 3). Area, 3592 square miles. Popu- lation, in 1897, 307.224. The principal indus- tries are the raising of cereals, flax, and hemp, and the curing and manufacture of leather. The district town Tschistopol. on the left hank of the Kama, 90 miles southeast of the city of Kazan, has three churches, a mosque, a gymnasium for girls, a bank, and various industrial establish- ments. There is considerable trade in cereals and wood products. Popilation, in 1897, 20,101. TSCHUDI, chm/de. .Egidius or GiLG (1505- 72). A Swiss chronicler, kno^^•n as the father of Swiss history. He was born at Glarus, stud- ied at the universities of Basel, Vienna, and Paris, and after holding several administrative offices entered the French army in J1536, serving till 1544. Once more he held office in various
