TSCHTJDI. 511 TSI-NAN Ftr. cantons and became, in 1558, chief magistrate of Ularus. He was a bitter opponent of the Refor- mation and sought to cheek the spread of the new doctrines by force of arms. This brouglit him great unpopularity and necessitated liis tem- porary absence from the canton. During his last years lie took little share in political affairs, and devoted his time to a study of the vast amount of historical materials which during many years he had gatherei.1 from public archives and the libraries of monasteries. His Die uralt vuhrlwftig alpisch Rhetia was published at Basel in 1538, but his two great works, the Schweizer- clirotiilc, or C'hronicon Ueh^eticum, and the Gallia Coinala, did not appear till more than one hun- dred and sixty years after the author's death. The Schweizerchronik covers the period 1100- 1470, and is valuable for the large number of original documents incorporated in the text. Though uncritical, the Schircizerchronik has re- mained the great source for Swiss history. The Gallia Comata is in nature antiquarian, and was intended as an introduction to the C'hronicon Helveticum. TSCHUDI, Clara (1857—). A Norwegian author, born at Tonsberg of Swiss parents. In- tending to become a dramatic singer, she studied at Dresden and Berlin, but presently turned her attention to literature, and after publishing some works bearing on women's rights, such as Kvinde- bevwgelser (1885) and Tie niitiskvinder (1887), became known through the historical portraits Eiit/enie Keiserinde af Franlcriy (1889, 2d ed. 1807), Keiserinde Augusta, Skildringer fra Eof- lifet i Berlin (1892), and especially through her Marie Antoinettes TJngdom (1894) and Marie Antoinette oeh Revolutionen (1895-96), which were followed by Napoleon'S' Moder, Silhouetter, and Reiseinindcr og Skizzer (all 1898). TSCHUDI, Fhiedrich von ( 1820-86) . A Swiss scholar, brother of Johann .Jakob von Tschudi. He studied theology first at Schaflfhausen, then at Basel, Bonn, and Berlin: and was made pastor of Licliten^teig in 1843, but resigned in 1847. He settled in Saint Gall, where he wrote, under the pseudonym of C. Weber, Dcr Sonderbund und seine Auflosung (1848). and rmder his own name several agricultural studies and the often reed- ited and frequently translated Dos Tierlehen der Alpenivelt (1853). He held several official posts, and was distinguished for his services to edu- cation. TSCHUDI, Johann Jakob (1818-89). A Swiss naturalist, born at Glarus. He studied at Swiss, French, and German universities, and then traveled extensively in South America, visiting Peru (1838-43). and Brazil, the Plata States, Chile, and Bolivia" (1857-59). From 1860 to 1802 he was Swiss Ambassador to Brazil, and in 1866 became diplomatic representative at the Court of Vienna, retiring in 1883. He pub- lished System der liafraehier (1838): Uiitei-- suchungen iiber die Fauna Peruana (1844-47); Peru, Reiseskizzen (1846); Die Kecluiaspraehe (1853); Antiguedades perunnns (1851). with Don Mariano de Eivero; Reisen durch 8iid~ amerika (1866-69) ; Ollantn. an ancient Peruvian drama out of the Quichua language (1875). His son Hugo (1851 — ), born at .Jakobshof, Austria, studied in Vienna jurisprudence and art-history, and after extensive travels through Europe became connected with the royal mu- seums in Berlin, in 1884, and was appointed di- rector of the National Gallery in 1896. Besides numerous important essays in various art-peri- odicals, he published, in collaboration with Pulszky, the te.xt to Die Landes-Gcmaldcgallerie in Budapest ( 1883) , and with Bode, Beschreibung der BUdwcrke dcr christlielien Epoche in den, iMniglictien Museen zu Berlin (1883). Since 1894 he has edited the Repertoriurn fiir Kuiist- u-issenschaft (Stuttgart, 1875 et seq. ), conjointly with Thode. TSENG KI-TSEH, tsiing' ke' tseh' (1837-90). A Chinese statesman and diplomat, better known as the llarquis Tseng, born in Hu-nan. He served under his father as secretary, and in 1877 suc- ceeded to the paternal title. In the following year he was appointed Minister to Great Britain and France. In 1880 he was further intrusted with an embassy at Saint Petersburg, and there negotiated the treaty by which Kulja was re- stored to China. In 1881 he was created vice- director of the Imperial Clan Court, and vice- presidentof the Board of War, and in 1885 arranged a convention with Great Britain in regar<l to the opium traffic, and was appointed assistant director of the newly established Admiralty Board. In 1886 he returned to Peking, became a member of the Tsung-li Yamen (q.v. ), and in 1887 vice-president of the Board of Revenue. Two years later he was appointed director of the Tung Wen Kwan, or Peking School of Lan- guages, and held this position until his death. TSETSE-FLY (South African name). A biting fly (Glossina morsitans) of the family Muscidre, related to the common stable fly (q.v.), which occurs in portions of Africa. The tsetse- fly bites all warm-blooded animals, but seems particularly attracted to cattle and horses. Its bite was formerly considered poisonous, and ap- parently produced death in beasts of burden coming from regions where the fly does not occur. The disease produced hy the bite is called 'nagana.' Animals which have once recovered ap- pear to be immune, or 'salted.' It has been de- termined that the bite of the tsetse-fly is not specifically poisonous, but that the insect acts as the carrier of a hfematozoan parasite, taking it with the blood of diseased animals and carry- ing it to nonimmunes. The tsetse-fly does not lay eggs, but multiplies by producing, one at a time, full-grown larv.-E which immediately change to pupie, just as do the so-called pupiparous Diptera. It was at one time supposed that the tsetse-fly would form a serious obstacle to the settlement of Africa by civilized races, but this is not the case. Only certain animals are affected by the disease, and the fly acts simply as a car- rier; moreover, cattle became immune after residence in infected regions. TSHI, tshe, or CHWI. A negro' people on th African Gold Coast. See Sudan. TSI-NAN FU, or TSE-NAN FOO, clie'nan'- foo'. A city of China, capital of the Province of Shan-tung. It lies in a large fertile plain ZY^ miles south of the Yellow River, 245 southeast of Peking, and 400 west of Chi-fu, the principal treaty-port of the province (Map: China. E 4). The walls of the city proper have a circuit of 12 miles and are well built, but there is a large extramural population protected by a great en-
