TSI-NAN FU. 512 TSO TSXJNG-T'ANG. circling mud rampart. The principal streets are comparatively clean, and are lined with good shops. The city is noted especially for its silk brocades, its trade in precious stones, and the variml glass and other jiroducts of Po-shan-hien, the chief citj- of the 'black country' of Shan-tung. It has a druni-toAver, a great examination hall capable of accommodating over 10.000 candidates, many fine temples, a Roman Catholic cathedral, besides the Yaniens, or offices of the Governor and the high officers of the province. In the west- ern part of the city are several geyserdike springs said to be connected with similar springs in Tai- shan (q.v. ). some 00 miles distant. A few miles east of the city are several important iron mines. Population, 250,000. including 2000 Mohamme- dan families and the inhabitants of the suburbs. Tsi-nan is on the railway line projected by the Germans, and now under construction. TS'ING-Ttr, or JODO. The Chinese and the Ja])anese names respectively of '"The Land of Bliss," sometimes called the ■"Paradise of the West," presided over by Amitabha (or Amida) Buddha, re-birth in which is promised to all who put their faith in Amida. Life is there so long that it is practically eternal, and as it is a place of surpassing delight, free from all troubles, all pain and all misery, and can be reached with- out the ])erforniance of works of any kind, its attainment has become the aim of the adherents of the Ts"ing-tu sect of Bviddhists in China, and the -JodO and Shinshiu sects of .Japan. Nirvana is too difficult. See Siiklidi-atl and iShhtshiii ; and Edkins. Cltinene Bi<ihIJiisin (London, 1880). TSI-TSI-HAR, che'che'hiir'. The largest, the most northerly, and the most thinly popu- lated of the three provinces of Manchuria (q.v.), known to the Chinese as Hei-lung-kiang. It is generally mountainous, covered with forests, and abounds in both large and small game — tigers, bears, leopards, deer of various kinds, antelopes, wild boars, wolves, foxes, badgers, wild cats, sables, and other fur-bearing animals, and hunt- ing and trapping are extensively carried on. In the southwest are great prairies occupied by the Mongols, who maintain large herds of cattle, horses, etc., upon them. The climate is severe, the mercury falling in winter to 40° F. below zero, and lower. In siuumer it sometimes rises to 90° and 95°. Agriculture is chieflv confined to the river valle.ys, where are produced pulse, maize, millet, tobacco, wheat, sesamum, and the popp.v. The drainage is to the north through the Sun- gari. Gold is found in the northwest, north, and east, and is mined at Moho. Much .soda is pro- duced and exported to China. The province is crossed bv the Trans-Manchurian branch of the Russian Trans-Baikal Railway, which connects at Harbin with the Russian Railway that runs south-southwest to Port Arthur and Dalny. The population, estimated at 2.000,000, consists of Manchus, Korchin Mongols, Solons. Yakuts from Siberia. 0600 families of whom settled on the banks of the Nonni in 1687. and Chinese, chiefly from the northern provinces. The government is military, hut there are two civil officials in as many localities where the population is largely Chinese. Besides the Bannermen a force of 7000 foreign-drilled Chinese troops is maintained. Tsi- tsi-har has long been a penal co!o7iy : and there is much btigandage. The capital. Tsi-tsi-har, on the Konni, was built in 1692 in order to overawe the neighboring trilics. It is a few miles north of the Trans-Manchurian Railway, and is a dirty poorlv built citv with a population of between 30,000 and 40,000. TSONG KHA-PA, tsOng' k'ha'pii', TSONG- K'A-PA, or TSON-K'A-PA (the man from Tsong-k'a) ; generally spoken of as Je-rim-po-ch'e (c. 1355-1419). A noted Tibetan reformer of Lamaism (q.v.). He was born at Tsong-k'a, in the Province of Amdo, near the Chinese frontier, and while still a child he was devoted by his ])arents to a religious life. At sixteen he began theological studies and a year later proceeded to Central Tibet. In Southern Tibet he spent eight years as a hermit and became convinced of the need of reform. Identifying himself with the Kah-dam-pa, 'The Sect bound by the Orders' (of the Vinaya, or 'Books of Discipline'), which had been purified and reformed by the Indian monk Atfsha in the eleventh century, he reorganized it, and gave it the name of Ge-luy-pa, 'the Followers of the Virtuous Order.' In 1409 he built the great monastery of Gah-ldan ('Paradise'), 25 miles from Lhasa (q.v.), where he preached regu- larly, and by the time of his death his followers numbered over 30,000 in Lhasa alone. His re- forms consisted in a stricter observance of the 235 rules of the Vinaya, or 'discipline,' a life of ethical purit.v. strict celibacy, simplicity in dress, the abandonment oi the red robes which had become common, and the readoption of the vcUow hat and the patched yellow rolies worn and prescribed by the Buddha. He also rein- stated the fortnightly 'disburdenment,' or re- hearsal of the Prntinwksa Sutra in regular as- semblies of the Order at Lhasa, and restored the custom of retiring yearly for meditation. Tsong kha-pa was buried in the Gah-ldan, where his em- balmed remains form the chief object of vener- ation. TSO TSUNG-T'ANG, tso' tsilng't'-itng' ( 1812-85) . A Chinese general and administrator. He was born at Hiang-yin, in Hu-nan, secured his second or 'master's' degree in 1832, and during the earlier j-ears of the Taiping Rebellion served in Hu-nan and Hu-peh. In 1861 he had the connnand of the armv operating in Che- kiang, and in the following year was also made Governor of that province. In 1863 he was also appointed Governor-General of the com- bined provinces of Che-kiang and Fu-kien, and by October, 1864, he had entirel.v re- covered Che-kiang and was rewarded with an earldom. When the rebellion ended in 1865, he was also in command of Kiang-si and Kwang- tung. Appointed in 1866 Governor-General of Shen-si and Kan-su, then in the hands of the Mo- hammedan rebels, he first turned his attention to the Nien-fei insurgents, drove them from the neighborhood of Han-kow, entered Shen-si and defeated them there in 1867, and utterly routed them near Tien-tsin in August, 1868. He re- turned to Shen-si. pacified that province in 1869, drove the rebels be.yond the Great Wall, and cap- tured Su-chow in Kan-su in 1873. In 1875 he was appointed Imperial commissioner for Tur- kestan, and in April, 1876. he advanced with the main body of his army beyond the Great Wall, crossed the desert of Hami, and by October 10, 1S77. had captured in succession L'rumtsi, Tihua,
