at Union College and Harvard University, frequenting in the latter the law and divinity schools, was in Europe in 1841-42 given to the study of botany, and completed his courses at Harvard in 1847 and 1852. From 1854 to 1873 lecturer on history at Amherst, he was appointed professor of botany there in 1858, and held this chair to the end of his life. Although devoted to a variety of botanical studies, he made a specialty of lichenology, and besides numerous contributions to various journals on this subject, published A Synopsis of the Lichens of New England, etc. (1848); Genera Lichenum: an Arrangement of the North American Lichens (1872); A Synopsis of the North American Lichens, part i. (1882); part ii. was edited, with an appendix, by Henry Willey (1888). His Lichenes Americæ Septentrionales Exsiccati (1847-55) contains 150 species. From 1834 to 1841 he contributed to the New York Churchman many articles on historical, biographical, and theological topics under the titles Notitia Literaria and Adversaria. Consult the Memoir by Farlow (Washington, 1887).
TUCKERMAN, Henry Theodore (1813-71). An American critic and essayist, born in Boston and prominent in the literary life of New York City after 1845. The more important of his numerous publications were: The Italian Sketchbook (1835); Isabel, or Sicily: a Pilgrimage (1839)—each the outcome of a residence in Italy; two volumes of verse, Poems (1851) and A Sheaf of Verse (1864); Artist Life, or Sketches of American Painters (1847); Characteristics of Literature (1849, 2d series 1851); America and Her Commentators (1864); Thoughts on the Poets (1864); and Book of the Artists (1867), a study of the rise and progress of art in America. He wrote a Life of J. P. Kennedy (1871), and was a useful writer in his day.
TUCKERMAN, Joseph (1778-1840). An American clergyman and philanthropist. He was born in Boston; graduated at Harvard College, 1798; studied theology, and became a Unitarian pastor in Chelsea in 1801. In 1826 he was appointed by the American Unitarian Association minister at large, devoting himself to city mission work. He is best known as one of the founders of the first sailors' aid societies in the country, and as one of the pioneers in the scientific direction of philanthropy. He wrote much in behalf of his projects. Consult the collection of his writings under the caption On the Elevation of the Poor (Boston, 1874) and his Life by W. E. Channing (Boston, 1841), and by Miss May Carpenter (London, 1849).
TUCKERMAN, Samuel Parkman (1819-90). An American organist, church composer, and musical lecturer. He studied the organ in Boston under Zeuner and became organist and choirmaster of Saint Paul's Church of that city in 1840. Nine years later he went to England and studied cathedral and church music generally, and at the same time lectured on musical subjects. He returned to Boston and took up church work and lectured on early cathedral and church music. His compositions are principally services, hymns, and anthems for the Episcopal Church service. He also edited collections: The Episcopal Harp; National Lyre; Cathedral Chants (1858); Trinity Collection of Church Music (1864).
TUCO-TUCO. A small burrowing rat like rodent, a ‘spiny rat’ of the genus Ctenomys, several species of which are so called in imitation of their loud, treble call.
TUC′SON. The largest city of Arizona, and the county seat of Pima County, 130 miles southeast of Phœnix; on the Santa Cruz River, and on the Southern Pacific Railroad (Map: Arizona, C 3). It is the seat of the University of Arizona, opened in 1891, and of Saint Joseph's Academy. The public library has about 3500 volumes. Cattle-raising and farming are the leading industries of the surrounding district, which also has considerable mineral wealth. The industrial establishments of the city are for the most part connected with the mining industry. The water-works are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 5150; in 1900, 7531.
Tucson was first permanently settled as a presidio by the Spaniards about 1776, though there had been previously a small Indian village, or rancheria (abandoned in 1763), under the control of the Spanish authorities. It lies within the territory obtained for the United States by the ‘Gadsden Purchase’ of 1853. It was the capital of Arizona Territory from 1867 to 1877, and was incorporated in 1877 and reincorporated in 1883. There seems to be no foundation for the belief that Tucson was founded by the Spaniards in 1560, and thus antedates Saint Augustine. Consult Bancroft, History of New Mexico and Arizona (San Francisco, 1880).
TUCUMÁN, tōō′kōō-män′. The smallest and most densely populated province of Argentina, bounded by the Province of Salta on the north, Santiago del Estero on the east, and Catamarca on the south and west (Map: Argentina, D 9). Area, 8926 square miles. The eastern portion is rolling, but the western portion becomes quite mountainous. The mountains, offshoots of the Andes, afford extensive forests in the valleys and some mines of gold, silver, and copper, but these are not extensively worked. Sugar and rum are the chief products, but cereals, rice, tobacco, and fruits are raised. The soil generally is fertile, but in some portions use must be made of irrigation. The population, which is largely mestizo, in 1895 numbered 215,742. Tucumán (q.v.) is the capital. Tucumán was originally a portion of the dominions of the Incas. After the conquest the Gobernación of Tucumán included many of the surrounding provinces and was first subject to the Audiencia of Chareas, and after 1776 to the Viceroyalty of La Plata.
TUCUMÁN, or SAN MÍGUEL DE TUCUMÁN. A city of Argentina, capital of the Province of Tucuman, 690 miles northwest of Buenos Ayres, on a plateau to the right of the River Tala or Sali (Map: Argentina, D 9). It is a regularly built city, but with narrow streets. The cathedral is modern. The city was founded in 1565. Here, July 9, 1816, the representatives of the Plata Provinces signed the declaration of independence from Spain. The population in 1895 was 34,305; in 1901 (estimated), 50,000.
TUCUMÁ PALM. See Astrocaryum.
TUCUNA, tōō-kōō′nȧ. A wild tribe of the Upper Amazon. See Ticuna.
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