TTJCUXI. 524 TUFTS. TtrCUXI, tuo-koo'iie (South American name). A South American dolphin (Sotalia Guianensis) , very abundant in the Bay of Rio Janeiro, where the natives regard it as able to bring ashore drowned persons, and have other fanciful ideaa in regard to it. The genus Sotalia is represented by other species in various parts of the world, some of which live wholly in fresh water. Con- sult Beddard, Book nf Whales (London, 1900). TTTDELA, tooD.a'lii. A town of the Province of Navarre, Spain, on the left bank of the Ebro, here crossed by a bridge of nineteen arches. It is 47 miles by rail from Saragossa (Map: Spain, E 1). Most of its important public buildings are modern, but it is especially famous for the romanesque Colegiata ( formerly the cathedral ) , which is regarded as one of the finest churches in Europe, liie chief industries are the sawing of lumber, the manufacture of licorice, cloth, silk goods, earthenware, and tlie production of oil and wine. The best wine of Navarre, resembling Bur- gimdy, is produced in this vicinity. The popula- tion in 1900 was 8906. Tudela fell into the hands of the Moors in the eighth century, but was re- taken by Alfonso I. of Aragon in 1114. In 1808 the Spanish forces under Castaiios and Palafox were here twice defeated by the French under Lannes. TUDELA, Benjamin of. A medieval travel- er. See Benjamin of Ttdela. TU'DOR. The family name of the dynasty ■which occupied the throne of England from 1485 to 1603. Its founder was Owen Tudor, an obscure Welsh knight, who married Catharine, widow of Henry V., and thus laid the foundation for the future greatness of his house. His son Ed- mund was ruade Earl of Richmond by Henry VI., kinsman of Edmund's wife, Margaret. It is through Margaret that the family derived its defective title to the crown. She was the heiress of the Beauforts, children of John of Gaunt by Catharine Swynford, who had been legitimized for every purpose except succession to the throne. Her son, Henry, Earl of Richmond, became head of the Lancastrian house in 1471, and in 1485, at Bosworth Field, defeated Richard 111., who fell in the battle. Henry was able to secure the sup- port of the Yorkist faction of the nobility upon promising to marry Elizabeth, the heiress of the York family. Parliament confirmed Henry's claim to reign of his own right, though the lawful heir was either his wife, Elizabeth, or, if females could not inherit the crown, her cousin Edward, the Earl of Warwick. The Tudor raon- arehs were Henrv VII. (1485-1509), Henrv VIII. (1509-47), Edward VI. (1547-i53), ilarv'(1553- 58), and Elizabeth (155S-1603). The Stuart dynasty, which succeeded to the throne in 1603, derived its title through Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., who married James IV. of Scotland. During the Tudor period the Crown was nearly absolute. The dynasty as a Aihole was a strong, purposeful one, and while the rights and func- tions of Parliament were not formally denied, its deliberations were controlled either by royal in- fluence over the elections or by vigorous and tact- ful management. The local institutions, how- ever, retained their full vigor and the English people thereby retained %heir training in self- government. When the danger of feudal anarchy and foreign invasion had passed away, and public safety no longer required a strong execu- tive, Tudor absolutism speedily disappeared under tlie weak and tactless Stuart dynasty. Fur details and bibliographies, see the names of the separate sovereigns. See also Roses, Wabs of THE ; York, House of. TUDOE, Mary (1406-1533). Queen of France. She was the daugliler of Henry VII. of England. In 1514 she was married to Louis XII. of France and after his death, in 1515, to Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Her only child, a daughter, Frances, became the wife of Henry Grey, JIarquis of Dorset, and was the mother of Lady Jane Grey. TUDOR, William (1779-1830). An Ameri- can merchant and author, born in Boston. He was founder (1815) and first editor of the North American Rcrieir. He graduated at Harvard (1790), engaged in business, visited Europe, and on his return took part in founding the Anthology Club and contributed frequent Iv to its magazine, The Monthly Antholofiii (1803-11). Out of this club grew the Boston Athenaeum (1807), of which Tudor was also a founder. He originated the movement for erecting Bunker Hill Monu- ment. In commerce he gained distinction as a pioneer in the ice trade with tropical countries. He was a member of the Massachusetts Legis- lature for some years, appointed L'nited States consul at Lima. Peru ( 1823 ) , and charge d'affaires in Brazil (1827). He published Letters on the Eastern l^tates (1820). Miscellanies (18211. Life of James Otis of Massachusetts (1823), and an anonymous political allegory, (Icbel Teir (1829), written in Rio de .Janeiro, where he died. TUDOR STYXE. In English architecture, a rather indefinite term applied to the late Per- pendicular (q.v.) and the transition from that to Elizabethan (q.v.). TUFA (It., calcareous rock). A name ap- plied to any crypto-crystalline variety of calcium carbonate which has a cellular structure, especially those varieties deposited from springs or streams. A similar material emanating from volcanoes is known as volcanic tufa, TUFF (Fr. tnf, tuffe, from It. tufo, tufa, from Lat. tophus, tofus, tufa, calcareous rock). Fragmental volcanic material when compacted together to form a rock. The material which by cementation of some kind has formed thfe tuff may be finely comminuted (volcanic ash or sand), or of larger fragments (lapilli and bombs). A large proportion of tuffs have been laid down under water, or have been carried by water in the form of volcanic mud. In rare cases they are composed largely of crystals. Un- consolidated volcanic fragments are called ag- glomerate, or agglomerate tuff. If large and angular fragments predominate in a tuff it is often called a volcanic breccia. Such breccias are produced when a stream of lava flows over and picks up an agglomerate, and also when certain viscous lavas flow down a slope. In the latter case the lava stream consolidates in a shell about a central molten mass, the shell constantly fracturing and as quickly healing its fractures by outflow and consolidation of molten material. TUFTS, Cotton (1734-1815). An American physician, born in Medford. JIass. He graduated at Harvard in 1749, studied medicine, and settled
