TULIP. 528 TTJLLOCH. base of each petal. Tiilipa ftreigi. a native of Turkestan, is a very fine species from which several cultivated forms have been developed. The natural species are rarely grown. Tulips are cultivated in jjardens on all kinds of soils and in all positions, but they prefer a rich, sandy loam. The bulbs or offsets are planted in mid-autumn and the flowers appear in spring. ^Vhen the plants have blossomed and the leaves have begun to dry the bulbs are taken up. dried in a cool airy place, and stored in a dry place until planting time. For pot culture tulips are treated like hyacinths. Young plants are also obtained by sowing the seed in light sandy soil under a cold frame in late winter. Seedlings seldom flower before they are five years old and are rarely stable; that is, after flowering one or more times they "break' or develop a new form of color, which remains stable not only with the individual bulb, but with its offsets. During the first half of the seventeenth cen- tury interest in the tulip rose to a speculative basis. Bulbs sold for fabulous prices, even 1.3.000 florins ($5200) being paid for a single specimen of Semper Augustus. Ownership in individual bulbs was divided into shares; bulbs were sold before their existence and by men who possessed none ; and of some varieties far more were sold than existed. The craze was short- lived, but it financially ruined many families. TULIP TREE ( Liriodendron tulipifera). A beautiful Xorth American tree of the natural order Magnoliaceae, found from Vermont to Michigan and south to Florida. Mississippi, and Arkansas, having a .stem sometimes 100 to 140 feet high, and .5 to 9 feet thick, with a grayish- brown cracked bark, and many gnarled and brittle branches. The solitary terminal flowers resemble tulips. The bark has a l>itter, aromatic taste, like otlier members of the Magnoliaceae. The tulip tree is one of the most beautiful orna- ments of pleasure-grounds. In some parts of the Mississippi Valley it forms considerable forests, seldom or never occurring alone, but in mixed woods. The heart-wood is yellow, the sap-wood white. The timber is easily wrought, takes a good polish, and is much used for house carpentry and other purposes where a light wood is desired. Fossil leaves of ancestors of the tulip tree are found in abundance in the North American and Arctic Cretaceous rocks. These earliest representatives had leaves that were not so distinctl}' lobed and that resembled, in their entire margins, more nearly those of the very yoimg individuals than those of the full-grown trees of the modern plant. TULL, .Jethro (1674-1741). A noted British agriculturist and writer. He was born at Basil- don. Berkshire, and entered Oxford in 1691, but two years later took up the study of law at Gray's Inn. In 1699, shortly after becoming a barrister, he settled upon a farm at Howberry, where, having trouble in making his laborers carry out his advanced ideas, he endeavored to make implements which would do the work '"more faithfully than such hands would do." The results of his experiments are set forth in his Horse-Hoeing Husbandry, or an Essay on the Principles of Tilling and Vegetation ( 1733 ; 2d ed., with addenda. 1743; 3d ed. 17.51). French translations appeared in 1753 and 1757, and a new and somewhat altered edition was put forth by William Cobbett in 1822. Tliis work, which is the first of its kind, exercised a profound in- fluence on methods of soil management, and up- on it Tull's fame chiefly rests. See Tillage. TULLA, tul'la, Johann Gottfried (1770- 1H2.S). A German engineer. He was educated in Heidelberg and Freiburg, and after filling vari- ous engineering appointments became chief en- gineer of the construction of water and road ways for the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1813. He founded the Engineer School of Baden, and subsei|uent to 1818 had much to do with the preparation of the plans for the deepening of the River Rhine. He wrote Ueier die zweclcmds- sigste Behandlung des Rheins (1822), Ueier die Rchtifilation des Rheins (1825). TULLE, tul. The capital of the Department of Corr&ze. France, 106 miles by rail southwest of Clermont-Ferrand (Map: France. H 6). It is a picturesque town with quaint houses. The cathedral (fifteenth century), with a fine bell tower, and the abbot's house (fifteenth century), are noteworthy. A large Government firearms factory is in the suburb of Souilhac. From Tulle first came the famous lace of that name. Popu- lation, in 1891. 15.384; in 1901, 17,412. TULLIBEE (North American Indian name). A well-marked and valuable whitefish ( .4)-<;_i/?-oso- mus tuUibrc) of the Great Lakes, Lake of the Woods, and northward. It is bluish with white sides showing silvery stripes. TULLIUS, Servics. The sixth legendary king of Rome. He is said originally to have been a slave of Tanaquil. the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. The latter befriended him, and Tullius, after marrying the daughter of Tarquinius, prac- tically became the ruling power in the State. This aroused the ire of the sons of Ancus Mar- cius, who were in line of succession, and they caused Tarquinius to be assassinated. Tanaquil, however, frustrated their plans by concealing the fact of her husband's death until Tullius had obtained a firm hold in the government. Accord- ing to tradition the reign of Tullius was marked by important reforms, notably the promulgation of a new constitution and the formation of an alliance with the Latins. The new constitution, which aimed to give the plebeians political inde- pendence and to make property rather than birth the basis of political influence, was offen- sive to the patricians, who. under the leadership of Lucius, a son of Tarquinius Priscus, formed a conspiracv, which resulted in the assassination of Tullius. ' Tradition also adds that Tullia, the daughter of Tullius and wife of Lucius, as she was returning from the Senate, which, countenan- cing the atrocious murder of Tullius. had recog- nized the claims of Lucius to the throne, drove her chariot over her father's dead body, which still lay in the street, where he had been struck down by the assassins. TUL-TilVER, Maggie. Tlie heroine of George Eliot's Mill on the Floss. She is the daughter of the miller, and with her brother is drowned by a tidal wave. TULTJOCH, John (1823-.S6). A Scottish scholar and educator. He was born at Dron. Perthshire, was educated at Saint Andrews, and ordained at Dundee, in 1845. as a minister in the Church of Scotland, and became principal of
