TURCARET. 551 TURGENIEFF. TITRCARET. A comedy by Lesage (1709), satirizing the corruption of the French financiers and the foibles of the time. The title character is an illiterate stock-jobber, whose name has be- come proverbial for a rich vulgarian. TURENNE, tii'ren', Henri de Latovr d'Auvergne, Vicomte de (1611-75). A Marshal of France. He was born at Sedan, September 11, Kill, the second son of Henry. Duke of Bouillon, and was brought up in the Reformed faith. He entered the French army in IC.'iO, served with dis- tinction under Bernhard of Weimar in 1637-38, and his victory over the Spaniards before Casale in 1640 added to his laurels. He conquered Rous- sillon from the Spaniards in 1642, and was re- warded with the baton of a. JNlarshal of France. At the close of 1643 he Avas placed at the head of the army operating in Germany, where the French had sustained a great defeat at the hands of the Bavarians and Imperialists. Together with the Duke of Enghien (later Condg) he fought against General Mercy at Freiburg in August, 1644. After suffering defeat at Marien- thal, Jlay 5, 1645, at the hands of Mercy, he shared in Conde"s victory near Niirdlingen, August 3d. The next year Turenne united with the Swedes to complete the conquest of Bavaria, and by his successes hastened the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648). Under the influence of his elder brother and the Duchess of Longue- ville (q.v. ) he joined the Fronde (q.v.), but, together with his Spanish allies, was defeated b}' Duplessis at Rethel in December, 1650. In the following year he became reconciled with the Court, and successfully commanded the royal armies against Conde, who had in the meanwhile gone over to the Fronde. In 1667, on the out- break of the so-called War of Devolution (see Lon,s XIV. ) , the King gave him the supreme command of the army, with which he overran Flanders and Franche-Comt^. Louis XH'. suc- ceeded in inducing him to embrace the Catholic faith (1668). Turenne's campaign in Holland (1672) was a triumphant one; and the Elector of Brandenburg, who had ventured to side with the Dutch, was forced to sue for peace. In the following campaign, however, Turenne was out- manoeuvred by the Imperialist general, Monte- cuculi. In 1674 he laid waste the Palatinate and defeated the Duke of Lorraine at Sinzheim. Forced from Alsace by superior forces. Turenne executed a masterly retreat, and found safety behind the Vosges Mountains: then in a mid- winter campaign he succeeded in reconquering the country after two decisive victories at Miihl- hausen and TUrkheim. Once more he crossed the Rhine to take up the game against his old rival, !Montecuculi, but was killed while reconnoitring before Sasbach, near Offenburg, July 27, 1675. He was buried at Saint-Denis, and his body was placed by Xapoleon in the Invalides. Turenne left memoirs of his campaigns from' 1643 to 1658, which are of considerable interest to the student of military history (Paris, 1782; new edition 1S72). For his biographv. consult Arniacnao (Tours. 1880). Duruy (5th ed.. Paris, 1880), Hozier (London, 1885), and Ramsey (ib.. 1774). Consult also: Neuber, Turenne alse Krier/siheo- retil-er und Frldkerr (Vienna. 1809) ; and Roy, Tnrrnne, sa re et les institutions de son temps (Paris, 1895). TTJRGAI, toOr-gl'. A territory of Russian Central Asia, an administrative division of the Governor-Generalship of the Steppes, bounded by the Government of Orenburg ( European lius- sia) on the north, the Territory of Akmolinsk on the east, the Territory of S.yr Darya and the Sea of Aral on the south, and the Territory of Ural on the west (Jlap: Asia. F 3). Area. 176,219 square miles. The larger part is Hat, with sanil.v deserts in the south. The western part is covered with the Mugajar Mountains, offshoots of the Ural s.vstem. The region is watered b.y the Ural and the Tobol, which are almost waterless during the dry season. The llora is poor and the forests are few. The fauna, on the other hand, is ver.y rich, especially in fur- bearing animals. The climate is continental, with extremely hot summers and severe winters. Agriculture is as .yet little developed. The nomadic Kirghizes are engaged principally in stock-raising and hunting. The mineral deposits of the region, which incUide iron, copper, silver, coal, etc., are practically untouched. The natives export small articles of metal, saddles, musical instruments, carpets, etc. There are also ex- ported furs and animal products. The barter system still prevails. Population, in 1897, 453,123 — Kirghizes, over 400,000, and Russians, about 30,000. TURGENIEFF, tvr-gSn'yef, Alexander Ivan- oviTCH (1784-1845). A Russian historian. He traveled extensively in Germany, Italy, France, and Denmark, making investigations in regard to the mediaeval history of Russia. He published Historiw Riissicc Monumenta (2 vols. 1841-42) and a fiupplementjim (1848). TURGENIEFF, Ivan Sergeyevitch (1818- 83 ) . A Russian novelist. He was born at Orel, the son of a wealtliy nobleman. At home he learned German and French, besides some Eng- lish, while a self-taught serf implanted in him a love for the Russian poets. Neglected by his parents, the boy made many friends among the peasants, and became a keen observer of their life. At fifteen he passed a brilliant entrance examina- tion at the University of Moscow, and entered the University of Saint Petersburg a year later. Here he came to know Pushkin, Byelinski, and other literary lights. After graduating, he went to Berlin to complete his study of classical phil- ology under Boeckli and Zumpt, of liistory under Ranke, and of philosophy under Werder. He returned to Saint Petersburg in 1841. His re- lations with his mother, formerly strained, were now openly broken off on account of her treat- ment of the serfs. He had to take service as a Government clerk, but soon gave up his position and set himself to write. His poem i'arasha (1845) was heartily praised by Byelinski. But it was the great success of Kolosoff (1840) and Ehor and Kaliniitch (1847) that induced him to write the Annals of a Sportsman (1847-51). These sketches, pervaded with the spirit of hu- manity and ;v sincere love for the oppressed peas- ants, became the favorite book of Alexander II., then heir to the throne. Wlien Turgeniefr's mother died in 1850 he immediately liberated all the serfs belonging to the estate. Meanwhile, he had incurred the suspicion of the Govern- ment by a sojourn abroad in 1848 and later; and in 1852, after the publication of an article.
