TURKISH LANGUAGE. 567 TURNBULIi. ktinst (Pesth. 1830-38). "Turkish Literature." in the ^yorld's flreat Classics (London, 190!), is a convenient collection of translations of typical Turkish works; except in the Ottoman poetry translated by Gibb, however, the articles are not taken directly from the Turkish, and often miss the point of the original. Poole, The Story of Turkey (New York, 1SS8), has some valuable re- marks on the characteristics of Turkish litera- ture. TURKISH MUSIC. See Akaiii..n Music. TURK ISLANDS. A group of small islands in the Hahaiiias. connected politically with the Caieos Islands (q.v.). TUR'KOMANS. A people whose principal home is in the great plains between the Caspian Sea on the west and the Sea of Aral and the Amu Darya on the east — the western part of Turke- stan in the broader sense. Some of them are to be found in Persia, Afghanistan, and other re- gions. They belong by language, and largely by blood, to the Turkic stock. The Turkomans of Turkestan are under Eussian rule. See Tuuke- STAX. TURKO-TATARS, tfrTco-ta'tarz. A term used by certain ethnologists to designate a group ■of Ural-Altaic peoples composed of the Turkic and related so-called Tatar tribes and nations. Under Turko-Tatars are included: Tlie Siberian peoples of Turkic stock, such as the Yakuts and Siberian Tatars; the Kirghiz-Cossacks of the Irtysh Cas- pian steppes; the Kara-Kirghizes of the Tian- Shan; the Uigurs, Sarts, Uzbegs, and Turko- mans of Central Asia; the Tatars of the Volga; Bashkirs, Tchuvashes, and ^Icshteheriaks, in Eu- ropean Russia ; the Tatars of the Crimea and the Caucasus, including the Nogai. Karatchai, Kumyks, and Basians; the Azerbaijani; the Y'uruks of Anatolia; the Osmanii Turks; and others, ilany of these peoples, like the Osmanlis, Starts, Turkomans, Uzbegs. Azerbaijani, and the Turks of Turkestan, are largely Aryanized in blood, with often an added Semitic strain. Ex- cept the Yakuts, whose religion is Shamanism, and those Tchuvashes who have become Chris- tian, the Turkic peoples profess Islam. The em- pires founded by Turko-Tataric peoples have had a rather ephemeral existence, and the realm of the Osmanii Turks in Europe owes its perpetuation not a little to the very mixed physical character of that people. Consult: Vflmbery. Etyniolo- gischcs Woricrhuch der turko-latarischen Sprachen (Leipzig, 1878) ; id.. Die primitive Kultiir des turko-tatarischcn Volkes (ib.. 1879) ; id.. Das Tiirkcnimlk (ib., 1885); Radloff, Eth- nologische iibersicht der Tiirkstiimmc Sibcriens vnd der Alonfjolei (ib.. 1883) ; Ujfah-y, Expedi- tion scientififjue frani.'aise en Rtcssie, en Sib&rie €t en Turkestan (Paris. 1878-80) ; Chantre, Re- cherches anthropolofiirjiies dans Ic Cnucase (ib., 1885-87); id., liecherches anthropologiqnes dans VAsie occidentate (Lyons, 1895). TURK'S HEAD. A name given to a number of coffee-houses in London, among which that on the Strand, frequented by Dr. Johnson and Bos- well, was the most noted. Others of the name were situated in Change Alley, in Soho, and in Westmin«tpr. TURMAIR, tnor'mir, .Johannes. The real name of the German historian best known as Johannes Aventinus (q.v. ). TURIVTERIC (Fr. terre-merite, Neo-Lat. terra merita, turmeric, apparently deserved earth, best earth, but probably a corruption of an Oriental name, perhaps of Ar. kurkum, from Skt. kun- kuma, saffron). Curcuma longa. A plant of the natural order Scitaminea' or Zingiberacca", a na- tive of the East Indies, much cultivated both in India and in Cochin-China, for its fleshy roots, more than $500,000 worth of which are annually exported from Indi.a alone. The lanceolate sheathing leaves and a short leafy spike of small cream-colored flowers spring from the crown of the root. Young roots abomid in a kind of arrowroot, but older ones contain a large quan- tity of a resinous yellow substance called tur- meric, which is used mainly for dyeing. The color is not very stable. Some of its other uses are in chemistry as a test for alkalies, their carbonates and phosphates, some of the alkaloids, and boraeic acid, which change it to reddish brown, and as a condiment with many kinds of food, especially as a principal ingredient in curry-powder. The plant thrives best in a rich, friable soil, and a situation not liable to be flooded. Tt is propagated by cuttings of the root, which are planted at distances of eighteen inches or two feet, in April or JIay. The crop is gathered in December. This kind of turmeric TURMERIC (Curcuma longa). is sometimes distinguished by the name long turmeric : and the name of round turmeric is given to Kwmpfcria pandurata, a plant of the same order, also a native of the East Indies, the roots of which are shorter and rounder, but other- wise of very similar quality. They are especially valued for the preparation of an artificial gold varnish, as they yield a better color than the former kind. The Arabic name of turmeric is kurkum, whence eurcuuia. Turmeric is not cul- tivated commercially in the United States. See Curcuma. TURN, toorn. A town adjoining Teplitz, in Bohemia. Austria. It has a magnificent park, bathing establishments, and thriving manufac- tures of many kinds, particularly porcelain. Population, in 'l 900, 12,408. TURN'BULL, Laure.vce (1821-1900). An American physician, born in Sholts, Lanarkshire,
