TUBNBULL. 568 TURNER. Scotland. He graduated at the Pliiladclpliia Cdllcijc of Pliarniacy in 1842, and for a wliilf was occupied in the manufacture of chemicals. In 1845 he graduated at the Jeflerson Medical Col- lege, and was a])pointed house physician of the Philadelphia Ho.si)ital. He lectured on chemistry at the Franklin Institute from 1848 to 1850, and from 1857 to 1887 was attached to the Howard Hospital, in charge of e.ye and ear diseases, of which he hecame a well-known specialist. During the Civil War he served as a volunteer surgeon. Among his writings, some of which passed through many editions, ai'c: Defective and Im- paired ^'ision (1859); Hints and Ohseri'dtions on Military Hygiene (1862) : Imperfect Hearing and Hygiene of the Ear (1871) ; The Nature and Treatment of Nervous Deafness (1874); A Clinical Manual of the Diseases of the Ear (1881); A Manual of Ancesthetic Agents and Their Employment in the Treatment of Disease (1885). TURNBTTLL, Robert- James (1775-1833). An American publicist, born in New Smyrna, Fla., where his father, an English physician, had established a Greek colony. He was edu- cated in England, was admitted to the bar in Charleston in 1794. and practiced there until 1810. when he retired to his plantation. From the beginning he was active in the Nullification movement, and under the signature of 'Brutus' published thirty-one papers in the Charleston Mercury, during 1827, which were afterwards collected as the Crisis, and had much influence. In 1830 he published The Tribunal of Dernier Ressort. He was prominent in the Free Trade Convention at Charleston in 1831, and wrote the report. He was a delegate to the Nullification Convention in 1832, and prepared the address to the people. When the proclamation of Presi- dent Jackson was read, he was the first to volun- teer to resist the general Government. TURNBTTLL, William (1800-1857). An American civil engineer. He was born in Phila- delphia ; graduated at West Point in 1819. and was commissioned in the artiller,v. He was en- gaged largely in topographical work, and was promoted to a captaincy in the topographical engineers in 1831. being brevetted colonel in 1847. In the Mexican War he was with General Scott as chief topographical engineer, and took part at Contreras, Cherubuseo, and the capture of the City of Mexico. He was superintending topo- graphical engineer on the Potomac Aqueduct for the water suppl.v of Washington, D. C. Among his more important professional works were the building of the New Orleans Custom-House and the Cape Fear River improvements. TTJRNBTJLIi, Willi.^m Barci.at D.vvid Don- ald (1811-63). A Scottish antiquary, born at Edinburgh. He was educated for the law, and in 1832 was admitted as advocate at the Scottish bar, but he devoted the greater part of his time to fhe study of the antiqiiities and older litera- ture of Great Britain. In 1834 he founded the Abbotsford Club, which did great service b,v print- ing works preserved only in manuscripts or old editions. In 1859 he was employed by the Record Commission, and in the course of the next two years published two valuable volumes of calen- dars of State papers, but on account of his Catholicism he was attacked by the ultra- Protestant party and compelled to resign. He was an industrious and careful editor, who without possessing systematic knowledge of language did excellent service by his editions of Middle Eng- lish and earl,y modern English poetry. Nor was his work as genealogist and historical editor of small value. Among his publications may be named: Ancient Mi/steries (1835) ; Arthour and Merlin. (1838); The Romances of Sir Guy of ^]'aru^iek and Rembrun His Son (1840); The ^'isions of Tundale (1843); Letters of Mary Queen of Scots (1845) ; and The Poetical Works of M'illiam Drummond of Hawthornden (1850). See Hydro-ferri- TURNBTJLL'S BLUE. CYANIC AclD. TURNE'BUS, Adrianus (Fr. Adrien Tir- Ni;BE) (1512-1565). An eminent French schol- ar, born at Andelys, famous as one of the leaders of the Renaissance in France. After completing his studies in Paris, he became pro- fessor in the Univei-sity of Toulouse. In 1547 he was called to Paris, where he taught Greek and Latin, and later philosophy, until his death. From 1552 he had charge of all Greek books pub- lished by the royal press. Under him appeared the first editions of Philo and S,vnesius; he him- self edited .^^^schylus, Aristotle's Ethics, Cicero'.s De Legibus, Horace and Varro's De Lingua Latina, and made many translations. Turnebus's influence extended far beyond the limits of France through his writings and pupils, of whom the most famous was J. J. Scaliger (q.v. ). After his death his commentaries, translations, and other writings were published in three volumes (Paris, 1564-80). Consult the Life prefixed, and also Mattaire, Historia Typo- graphorum Aliquot Parisiensium (London, 1817). TUR'NER, CII.4ELES Tennyson (1808-79). An English poet, brother of Alfred Tennyson (q.v.). He was born at Somersby. in Lincoln- shire. Like his more famous brother, he attended the Louth Cirammar School, and then studied at home under the direction of his father, the vicar of Somersby. With Alfred, he published Poems by Tu:o Brothers (1827; reissued 1893). In 1828 he entered Trinity College, graduating B.A. in 1832. In 1835 he was ordained curate of Tealby, in Lincolnshire, and two years later became vicar of Grasby, in the same county. On in- heriting a small estate from a great-uncle, Sam- uel Turner, he added Turner to his name. His last years were passed at Cheltenham, where he died. After his jtivenile verse, he published Sonnets and Fugitive Pieces (1830), which were appreciated bv Coleridge: and similar volumes in 1864, lS68,"and 1873. In 1880 Hallam Tenny- son brought together all of his uncle's sonnets and lyrics under the title Collected Sonnets. Old and New. TURNER. Charles Yardley (1850—). An American landscape and figure painter, bom in Baltimore, JId. He studied in the National Academ,v and the Art Students' League of New York City, and afterwards was a pupil of Lau- rens. !Munkacsy, and Bonnat in Paris. He first ex- hibited at the National Academy in 1882. His pictures include "Nooning" (1882). "The Wed- ding Procession" (Metropolitan Museum. New York Citv). and "The Courtship of Miles Stan- dish" (1884).
