TURNIP. 572 TURPENTINE. and hoeing. The turnip crop is thus of great use in clearing the land of weeds. In many places part of the crop is eaten on the ground by sheep, which are corralled upon small areas in the field, each third row being left for this pur- pose, the plants in the other two rows being fed or stored in houses or earth-covered pits or by being covered in the field with earth plowed over them. Swedish turnips are the most hardy varieties. COMMON TDRNIP (BrRssica campestris QT rsipa). Both the ordinary turnip and the rutabaga are used for feeding stock, the former less than the latter. Both are classed as coarse fodder, since they are bulky in proportion to their nutritive value. Turnips have the following average percentage composition: Water, 90.5 protein. 1.1; fat, 0.2; nitrogen-free extract, 6.3 crude fibre, 1.1: and ash. O.S. Swedish turnip Water, .SS.(i; protein. 1.2; fat, 0.2: nitrogen-free extract, 7.7; crude fibre, 1.3; and ash. 1.1. Ex- periments show that 00 per cent, of the total dry matter, )iitrogen-free extract, and crude fibre of turnips is digested. In Great Britain. North- ern Europe, and Canada large quantities of tur- nips are fed. with other roots, replacing grain to a considerable extent. Boots are little fed in the United States, probably because they are less easily cultivated than corn. Turnips are used especially for sheep. Dairy cattle should be milked before being fed turnips, even in limited quantities, to avoid the possibility of tainting the milk. Sheep prefer the Swedish turnip to all other roots. Slicing and pulping are com- monly practiced. See Plate of Cabbage and Allies. TURNIP INSECTS. There are practically no insects specifically attached to the turnip, al- though this crop frequently suffers from the attacks of several kinds of insects. The foliage is eaten by very many of the insects which are found upon cabbage (see Cabbage Insects), and the cabbage root-maggot sometimes affects the turnip tuber. Several of the root-feeding beet insects also attack turnips. See Sugau-Beet Insects. TURN-SEVERIN, or TURNU- SEVERIN, ti.irn'sa'va-rf'n'. . town of Rumania on tlif Danube just below the Iron Ciate, about 175 miles west of Bucharest (Map: Balkan Peninsula, D 2). Near it are the remains of Trajan's Bridge, erected a.d. 103. Population, in 1900, 18,626. TURNSPIT. A dog. See Hound. TURNSTONE. A shore-bird (Armaria inter- pres), related to the plovers and surf-bird (q.v.), and found in almost every part of the globe. It breeds in the Arctic regions, but occurs on the coasts of the Eastern United States during mi- grations. It frequents the seashore, and derives its English name from its habit of turning over small stones with its bill in search of food. The eggs, which are four in number, are laid on lonely rocky coasts where fliere is sparse vegeta- tion. They vary very much in color and mark- ings, and are cunningly concealed. The length of the turnstone is rather more than 9 inches. The plumage varies with the age of the bird and the season, but is always pied black and white, with rufous or brownish ash. (See Colored Plate of Shore-Birds.) On the coasts of the North Pacific is found a turnstone {Arenaria jnelanoce- phala ) which lacks the rufous or brownish ash. These two are the only known species. TURPENTINE (OF. turhentine, terehentine, ML. tercbintina. turpentine, from Lat. terchin- thinus, relating to the terebinth, from Irrchin- ihus, from Gk. repij/Sii'Sos. terebinth). The resinous exudations of various species of co- niferous trees. When the viscid exudation is dis- tilled, oil or spirit of turpentine passes over, leaving behind a residue of common colophony. The distillation is carried out in copper stills. The mass is gradually heated to 316° F. (158° C), which is approximately tlie boiling tempera- ture of oil of turpentine. The resin remain- ing in the still is drawn off while hot. French turpentine is distilled by means of a current of steam. The oil or spirit of turpentine dissolves camphor, resins, and other organic substances and mixes freely with alcohol, ether, and glacial acetic acid. It does not mix with water. It is a thin colorless liquid readily recognized by its characteristic odor. Chemically it is a mixture of several isomeric hydrocarbons (terpenes) rep- resented bj' the formula C,cH,i, and con- verted by oxidation into a camphor having the composition CioHi^O. Oil of turpentine is largely used in medicine as an irritant and coun- ter-irritant in chronic inflammations. It is an excellent remedy for ringworm, and is given in- ternally also to stop hemorrhages, and as a remedy for gonorrhoea. The administration of turpentine is attended with some danger, as it is likely to produce inflammation of the kidneys. In the arts oil of turpentine is used for the preparation of varnishes and for similar pur- poses. American turpentine is derived from the Pinus australis and the Pinus t;cda : French turpentine from the Pinus maritima ; Russian and Swedish turpentine from the Piniis syl- vestris and the Pinus Lederbourii. Canada tur- . pentine, or Canada balsam, is obtained from the Abies balsamea, growing in Canada and the Northern United States.
