TTJKPENTINE TREE. 573 TURPENTINE TREE. See Pistacia. TUR'PIN or TULPINUS ( ?o.800). A sup- posed medieval chronicler, Arclibisliop of Reims. He is described as a friend and companion of Charles the Great and an eye-witness of the ex- ploits he relates in a chronicle in Latin prose narrating the expedition of the Frankish Km- peror against the Saracens of Spain, and par- ticularly the events that preceded and followed the battle of Roncesvalles (q.v.). Turpin"s name became attached to this chronicle, but though there was an Archbishop Turpin of Reims (c.754- C.800), he has no claim to the description given above, and internal evidence leads to the con- clusion that the chronicle is a work of the twelfth century. It seems to have sprung out of the epic ballads and traditions of the Carolingian heroes, and was taken from a manuscript com- posed probably at Compostella. The poems were changed considerably in order to further pilgrimages to Compostella. The book soon acquired a great popularity, was translated into French by VlOti, and was made use of by divers chroniclers, as the author or authors of the Chronifjiies de Htiint-Denis, Vincent of Beauvais, and others. The chronicle is of great historic value, in spite of all the embellishments it has from time to time received. There have been several editions of the chronicle in Latin; the best, by Casteta, was published at Paris and Montpellier in 1880. It has been translated into many languages, among others into English by Rodd (London, 1812), reprinted in ilediwval Tales, in Morlci/'s Universal Library (London, 1800). For editions and secondary works, con- sult Potthast, Ilihliotheca Historica Medii JEvi, vol. ii. (Berlin. ISnC). TURPIN, Edmund PIaet ( 1835— ) . An Eng- lish concert organist, lecturer, and composer. He was born in Xottingliam and after .studying under local teachers went to London, where he became a pupil of Hullah and Pauer. In 1857 he removed to London and made that city his home. Twelve years later he became organist of Saint George's, Bloonisbury, and removed to Saint Bride's, Fleet Street, in a like capacity in 1888. He was the editor of the Musical Standard for several years and enjoyed a wide fame as a musical writer and lecturer. In 1875 he became secretary of the College of Organists and did much to liuild up the col- lege. In 1891 he became joint editor of the Musical ^eu's. His works include a mass, a cappella and a mass for soli, chorus, brass drums, and organ; the oratorios Saint John fhc liaptist and Hezekiah; the cantatas A Sonr/ of Faith and Jerusalem : and a symphony. The Montister;/. Other works are numerous services, string quartets, chamber music, pianoforte pieces, and organ concert music. TURPIN, Richard, commonly called 'Dick Turpin' (170fi-.39). An English highwayman. He was born at Hempstead. Es.sex. where his father was an innkeeper. He was apprenticed to a butcher, and. detected in cattle-stealing, he fled and joined a gang of thieves. They committed several brutal robberies, but dis- banded after two of their members were captured and hanged. Turpin then became associated with the highwayman Tom King, whom he fatally shot when trying to prevent King's arrest. Tur- TURRETIN. pin escaped into Yorkshire, where he passed for a gentleman, but was soon suspected, and fiiuilly captured with some stolen horses, tried, and e.xccuted, Turjiin's reputation as a hero, and a man of courage and generosity, together with his marvelous ride from London to York, are fabrications which were enhanced by .insworth'.s vivid and descriptive characterization in the novel Unokirood (18.34). TURQUOISE (OF. turquoise, turques. Ft. turquoise, fern, of turquois, Turkish, from Turc, Turk). A hydrated aluminum and copper phos- phate that is found nuissive. It is opaque, ha.s a waxy lu.stre, and occurs in various shades of blue to green. The peculiar bluish-green or robin'segg tint is the preferred color for the gem varieties. Turquoise is found in narrow seams and irregular patches in igneous and vol- canic rocks. The best specimens come from the vicinity of Nishapur. Persia, but the mineral is found also at various localities in Asia Minor, Turkestan, and Siberia. In the United States, the locality in the Los Cerillos Moun- tains, near Santa Fe, New ilexico. was worked by the ancient Mexicans, and still yields fine gems. Other localities in the United States arc in Colorado. Arizona, Nevada, and California. Among the early Mexicans turquoise was re- garded as emblematic of success, and was worn to preserve health. The peculiar property of the turquoise, of becoming dirty-green in color as it gives up its moisture, led to a belief that its change in color foretold misfortune, and hence the Oriental proverb that the turquoise pales when the well-being of the giver is in danger. It was believed in the Orient to be a remedy for all diseases of the head and heart, and in cases of poisoning or snake-bite it was given with wine. Bone turquoise or odontolite is fossil bone colored blue by iron phosphate. TURRET (OF. tourette. touret. little tower, diminutive of tur, tour, Fr. tour, tower, from Lat. turris. Gk. ripaic, tyrsis, rippi^. tt/rris. tower; connected with Lith. tursa, bag). This name is now applied to revolving towers of circular or oval section in which naval guns are mounted. Fixed towers are commonly called barbette tow- ers or barbettes, as all gun towers of this class on modern ships are designed to have the guns fire over the tops of their walls. TURRETIN, tur'triN'. or TURRETINI, tcHi'ra-tr-'ne, Francois (1623-87). A Swiss Cal- vinistic theologian. He was born in Geneva ; studied theology first in his native city and after- wards in Holland and France; was pastor at Geneva, 1647; removed to Leyden, 1650: and was recalled to Geneva as professor of theology, 1053. His principal work, Institutio Thrologiw Elenc- tiew (1670-85, new ed., Leyden, 1006, reprinted Edinburgh, 1847-48), ranks high among the strictest expositions of Calvini«tic theology. He was one of the authors of the Helvetic Conscn.sus (1675) directed against the milder theology of Saumur. His complete works were published at Geneva in 1688. His son, .Iean Ai.phonse (1671-1737), was born at Geneva, and was pro- fessor there of ecclesiastical history. 1607. He followed the Saumur theology- as taught by Tronchin, his teacher, and endeavored to unite the Reformed and Lutheran churches. His chief work is Cogitationes et Dissertationes Theologicce
