TYLOR. 590 TYNDALL. religions. (See Religion, Comparath'e. ) In 1896 he was made first professor of aiitliro- pology at Oxford. TYLOSIS (from Gk. tvIoc, tylos, knob, knot, callus). A protrusion of a living cell tlirough a pit in a large pitted vessel, due to the pressure in the cell. Often the nucleus and some of the pro- toplasm passes through the pit into the tylosis, and in this case cell division may take place until the cavity of the vessel is entirely filled with the growing tissue. Tyloses are found in both mono- cotyledons and dicotyledons. Sections of the stem of the Virginia creeper {Ampelopsin quingue- folia) show tyloses in which cell division has taken place until the cavities of the vessels are nearly closed. TYMPANITES, tim'pnn-i'tez. A disease of horses. Sec Bloat. TYMPANUM (Lat., from Gk. Tvfnravov, drum). In anatomy, the middle ear. (See Ear.) In architecture, the flat space left within the sloping and horizontal cornices of the pediment of classical architecture, usually filled with sculp- ture; also, the space between the arch and lintel of doorways in Gothic architecture, which is fre- quently enriched with sculpture. TY'NAN, Katharine. An English novelist. See HixKSON, Jlrs. Katharine. T YND ALE, tin'dol, William (?-1536). An English translator of the Bible. He was born on the borders of Wales, between 1490 and 1495, and was educated at O.xford and Cambridge. After leaving Cambridge (about 1522) he be- came tutor and chaplain in the home of Sir John Walsh, a knight of Gloucestershire. He preached frequently and, his opinions difl'ering from those of the clergv' of the neighborhood, he became in- volved in religious dispute, and an accusation was made against him before William of Jlal- vern, chancellor of the diocese, who censured him for his boldness and indiscretion. As a result of his experience, Tyndale became determined to translate the New" Testament into English. He went to London in 1523, but, failing to obtain help, he retired to Germany the following year. The Xew Testament was printed at Worms in 1525 and carried to England, and, though de- nounced by the Government, several reprints were produced witliin the next few years. Tyndale remained on the Continent writing tracts in ad- vocacy of the reformed doctrines. His chief orig- inal work. The Obedience uf a ChrisiiaH Man and Bow Christian Rulers Oiifjht to Gorern, appeared in 1528. In 1530 he published a translation of the Pentateuch, and in 1531 one of the Prophet Jonah. He engaged in a controversy with Sir Thomas More (q.v.) concerning the supreme authority of the Church on the Scripture. Dur- ing this" period Tyndale associated with Luther, John Frith, Patrick Hamilton, John Kogers (qq. v.), and other leading reformers. He adopted the Zwinglian doctrine of the Lord's Supper, and separated himself from the other English reform- ers by opposing the divorce of Henry VIII. from Catharine of Aragon. He was the suliject of much annoyance from the authorities and changed his abode "from time to time. In 1535 he was treacherously arrested at Antwerp, and. after a confinement of sixteen months in the Castle of Vilvorde, near Brussels, the State prison of the Low Countries, he was publicly strangled and burned as a heretic August 6, 1530. Tyndale was a man of both learning and talent; his transla- tions were made directly from the Hebrew and Greek. He had a gopd style and was devoted to his work. His New Testament has been fre- quently reprinted (in facsimile by Francis Fry, London, 1862) ; his Pentateuch was edited by Mombert (New York, 1884) ; and his miscella- neous writings were published by the Parker Society ( I^ondon. 1848-50 ) . The best biography- is by bemaus (London, 1871; 2d ed. 1886). TYNDALL, tin'dul, John (1820-93). An English physicist, born at Leighlin Bridge, Coun- ty Carlow, Ireland. He found employment at first in one of the subordinate grades of Ue Ord- nance Survey, and later as a railroad engineer. He was appointed teacher of mathematics and surveying at Queenwood College, Stockbridge, in 1847. He then went to IMarburg, where he stud- ied for two years, returning to Queenwood in 1851. In January, 1853, Tyndall communicated his first paper to the Royal Society, On Moleetilar In/liiences — Transmission of Heat Throiiifh Or- ganic Structures. In the following month a lec- ture On the Influence of Material Aggregation irpon tlie Manifestations of Force, before the Royal Institution, widely extended his fame, and inaugurated his reputation as a brilliant lecturer. A few months later he was appointed professor of natural philosophy in the Royal Institution, thus becoming a colleague of Faraday, succeed- ing as director on the latter's death in 1867. Tyn- dall early undertook researches on diamagnetism at Marburg in conjunction with Knoblauch, which resulted in a publication entitled On the Magneto-optic Properties of Crystals and the Re- lation of Magnetism and Diamagnetism to Molec- vlar Arrangement. These and later researches were published under the title of Researches on Diamagnetism and Magno-crystallie Action, In- cluding the Question of Diamagnetic Polarity (1870). Tyndall spent much time in the Alps, where he combined mountain-climbing with scien- tific research, making numerous careful observa- tions on the great Swiss glaciers. These were published in popular form and in scientific con- tributions to the Philosophical Transactions. In connection with his study of the glaciers, Tyn- dall became interested in atmospheric phenomena, particularly the study of vapors. This led to researches on radiant beat and its transmis- sion, radiation, and absorption by vapors and gases. These investigations involved a contro- versy with Magnus, but Tii'ndall was able to de- monstrate the correctness of his views. These researches were later collected and publi.shed un- der the title Contributions to MolecuUtr Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat ( 1872 ) . In his study of radiant energy Tjnidall analyzed various kinds of light in order to determine the proportion of luminous and non-luminous rays and their eflect on various substances. He also discovered that in 'optically pure air.' that is. air free from dust or other particles, a luminous beam is in- visible. These discoveries led to improved meth- ods of sterilization, which are described in his Essays on Floating Matter of the Air in Relation to Putrefaction and Infection. The British Government availed itself of Tyn-
