TYNDALL. 591 TYPE. dairs.seipntifio ability and he succeeded Faraday as a scientific adviser to Trinity House (in charge of the lighthouse service) and the 13oaixl of Trade, in which capacity he carried on a num- ber of scientific experiments with direct practical ends. Tyndall also achieved a reputation as a lecturer and did much valuable work in the pop- ularizing of science. Few scientific lecturers have been able to present the principles and tacts of phvsics to the general public so successfullv as Tyndall. He visited the United States in 1872- 73. on a lecture tour, and a few years after he gave the proceeds to forward the cause of original research in the United States. He wrote many popular treatises on scientific subjects, which have been translated into foreign lan- guages. Among his works are: Heat Considered as a Mode of Motion (1863 and subsequent edi- tions) ; On Sound (1867 and subsequent edi- tions) ; Fragments of Scienee for Unscienti/io People (1871 and subsequent editions) ; Six Lec- tures on Liqlit Delivered in America in 1872-3 (1873 and laier editions) ; JVeit Fragments (1892 and 1897): Notes on Light (1870); Xotes on Eleetrical Phei'onieua and Theories (1870). His works on the glaciers and the Alps include T/cj Glaciers of the Alps (1800 and 1896) ; Mountain- eering in 1S61 (1862) ; and Hours of Exercise iti the Alps (T871 and later editions). TYNDAREUS. tin-dfi're-us (Lat., from Gk. TvvSapevf). A King of Sparta. Having been driven out by hl.s half-brother, Hippocoon, he fled to -Etolia and became an ally of Thestius, whose daughter Leda he married. Hercules restored him to Sparta. Leda bore him Castor and Clytemnestra. and at the same time b_v Zeus be- came the mother of Pollux and Helena. After the death of Castor and Pollux and their re- ception among the gods, Tyndareus surrendered the kingship of Sparta to Jlenelaus. TYNE, tin. A river of Northern England ( Map : England, E 2 ) . It is formed by the North and the South Tyne, which rise, respectively, in the Cheviot and the Pennine Hills. It flows eastward, partly on the boundary between North- umberland and Durham, till it empties into the North Sea at Tynemouth. It passes through one of the principal coal-mining and manufacturing regions of England, and the cities of Newcastle, Gateshead, and South Shields lie on its banks. Length, 80 miles; navigable to Blaydon. about 18 miles. Consult: Guthrie, The River Tipie (Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 1880) ; Palmer, The Tijne and Its Tributaries (London, 1881). TYNEMOUTH, tin'muth or tin'-. A market town and seaport, the chief watering place of Northumberland. England, at the mouth of the Tyne. 8 miles east of Newcastle (Map: Eng- land, E 1 ) . It includes the townships of North Shields, Chirton, Preston, and Culler- coats. Shipbuilding is carried on and there are rope and sail works, besides important fisheries. The sands, about a mile in length, are overlooked by picturesque cliffs. Noteworthj' are the gateway of the old castle, the fine ruins of a priory and lady chapel, the master mariners' asylum, the aquarium, and assembly rooms. The municipal borough buildings are in North Shields. Incorporated in 1849, the town owns and operates the water and electric light- ing works. Tynemouth was a Saxon fortress. Poimlation, in 1891. 46..')88; in 1901. ;")1.514. Con- sult: (Jibson, Moiiasleri/ of Tgnemouih (Lon- don, 1846) : Adamson, "Tynemouth Priory and Castle," in Archwologia JElina, vol. xxiii. (Lon- don, 1901). TYNG, ting, Stephen Higginson (1800-85). A Protestant Episcopal clergj'man. He was born at Newburyport, Mass. ; graduated at Harvard college, 1817; engaged in mercantile pursuits for two years: studied theology, and was ordained in 1821; preached at Georgetown, D. C, 1821-23; at Queen Anne's Parish. Prince (icorge Co.. Md., 1823-29; was rector of Saint Paul's Church, Philadelphia. 1829; of the Church of the Epiphany, Philadelphia, 1833; and of Saint George's Church, New York, 184.5. which charge he resigned in 1879. Dr. Tyng was a pro- nounced evangelical and low churchman and a leading opponent of ritualism. He was widely noted for his fervid eloquence as a preacher, and he zealously advocated total abstinence and other reforms. He published, aside from discourses, Jlemoirs of Rev. Gregory T. Bedell (183.5), and those of Dud- ley Atkins Tyng (1866); Recollections of England (1847); Forty Years' Experience in Sundai/Sehools (1860) ; The Prayer Book Illus- trated' by Scriptures (8 vols., 1863-67) ; and The Office and Duty of the Christian Pastor (1874). He was editor of The Episcopal Recorder. The Theological Reposit(fry, and The Protestant Churchman. Consult his Life by his son, C. R. Tyng (New York, 1891). TYPE (Lat. typus, from Gk. riJ-of, type, figure, impress, blow, from tv^tciv, typtein, to strike ; probably connected with aTvuaCsif. sty- pazein, to push, Skt. tup, sihump, to destroy, Lat. stuprum, violation). In zoology: (1) The name applied by De Blainville to the four branches of Cuvicr. These 'types' were founded on what were then considered as four fundamen- tal 'plans' of organization. (See Cl.ssifica- TION OF Animals.) Cuvier and his successors, notably Von Bael and L. Agassiz, taught that these types existed, as it were, side by side, the Vertebrata the highest, but with no genetic con- nection, and that each type was characterized by a distinct plan of structui-e — a view now super- seded by that of the doctrine' of descent. See Evolution; Piivlogeny. (2) The 'type' or 'typical species' of a genua is the one first described, or regarded as the most typical, and about which the other species were clustered. A 'type specimen' is that individual, or the several individuals, which served as the basis for the description of a new species. The careful preservation of an author's type speci- men is all-important in systematic zoologi;' and botany, as it is the ultimate source of appeal in unraveling complicated cases of synonymy. TYPE. In theology, an image or representa- tion of some object which is called the antitype (q.v.). It is ap|)lipd chiefly, although not exclu- sively, to those prophetic prefigurings of the per- sons and things of the new dis|iensation which are found in the ritual, and even in the history of the Old Testament. Siiint Paul and other sacred writers speak of the ancient types of things to come. Of the types of the Old Testament, many are directly pointed out as such in their very in- stitution; many also are distinctly apjilicd in the
