UNIVERSITY. 739 the procurators and the deans formed a court having cognizance of all matters relating to discipline, from which there was an ai)i>eal to the university and thence to the Parliament of Paris. The chancellor, after the rector, was the highest in authority, though that authority was confined to the conferring of degrees. Originally ■ the chancellor was the immediate representative of the archbishop to whom had previously be- longed the riglit of conferring the privilege of teaching. The details of organization, as well as the designation of the olUcers, varied con- siderably in the early universities, though in gen- eral they were all mo'deled on Paris or Bologna. In the latter city the univcrsitatcs were to be distinguished from the coUc(/i(i. The former were two in number, the ultniniontani and the citramontani, which were composed exclusively of the students 'of law organized into constituent nations, thirteen in one ease and fourteen in the other, each presided over by its procurator and counselors. The collegia were organizations of professors and doctors that had control of the conferring of degrees. These colleges were of the Doctors of Civil Law^ Doctors of Canon Law. Doctors of Medicine, and, from the middle of the fourteenth century, Doctors of Theology. The general control of the Studium Generale, how- ever, was in the hands of the universities later combined into one. The colleges, as they developed in other coun- tries, were quite different institutions from those of Bologna. They arose through provisions that were made for poor students in connection with hospitals or monastic foundations. The necessity for some more domestic supervision of young stu- dents, combined with the other tendency, led to the foundation of Halls. These in turn were en- dowed with corporate privileges as well as prop- erty, and the term college, previously a general term as universitns itself had been, was appro- priated by these institutions. They soon assumed the character of boarding houses for all classes of students, where they were privately trained and prepared for public lectures. In some universities the lectures came to be given in the college, first the extraordinary, then the ordinary, until the general university lectures almost disappeared, and no student was admitted except as a member of a college. JIany of these colleges were identified with particular faculties, or even departments of faculties. Probably the earliest college of all, which served as a type for the others, was the college of the Sorbonne (q.v. ) , founded about 1250 in the University of Paris, which came to be iden- tified with the theological faculty. Details concerning the early history of the uni- versities, their development and their present or- ganization will be found in the articles on the in- dividual universities. The early organization of universities has been best adapted to the needs of the present by the German universities, and is more specifically treated in that section. English Universities. These are of two dis- tinct types: those that date from the Middle Ages, Oxford and Cambridge, and those founded during the nineteenth century. The two former have had a profound influence upon national de- velopment and national life, for in no other coun- try have universities been more intimately con- nected with the religious, political, and literary development. The details of the history and pres- UNIVERSITY. cnt organization of these two universities, with the literature of the subject, will be found under the titles Oxford University and tA.MHRiDOE, U.NIVERSITY ol". During the ninetecntli century four universities of the modern type were fnunded. all laying stress on tlie study of the sciences and the technical branches. These are Durham Univer- sity, founded in 18.32 ; University of London, founded in 183U; Victoria University, foundeil in 1880; and Birmingham University, founded in 1900. The first is treated under DrRH.VM and the second and third appear under their respective titles. Birmingham University was organized on plans similar to those of London and Victoria universities, with Mason College as a nucleus. The university is governed by a chancellor, prin- cipal, and a court of governors consisting of the faculties or certain members thereof. Four facul- ties have been established, those of arts, science, medicine, and commerce, but degrees are also to be given in science and engineering. The aim in the establishment of this institution is to bring university work into more direct relations with industry and commerce. The university began work in the aiitunin of 1902 with the Rt. Hon. Joseph Chamberlain as chancellor. Scotch Universities. These were mostly founded during the fifteenth century, and resem- ble the Continental, especially the German uni- versities, more than they do the English. The mediicval character clung to them until 1858, when by statute the universities were reorgan- ized. See Saint Andrews; Aberdeen; Glasgow; Edinburgh, University op. Irish Universities are those of Dublin and Queen's University, including Queen's College at Belfast, Cork, and Galway. Under Diblin, Uni- versity- OF, and Queen's College will be found the information relating to these luiiversities. CANADIAN Universities are those of Montreal and Toronto. There are fourteen other institu- tions of degree-giving rank in Canada, mostly on. denominational foundation, and twenty-four insti- tutions of higher learning, usually termed col- leges, that give no degrees. Australian Uni'ersities exist at Sydney, at Melbourne, and at Adelaide. The first was founded in 1851 and is affiliated with the Univer- sitv of London. There are four faculties — arts, law, medicine, and science. While the university is non-denominational, there are statutory pro- visions for facilitating the erection of colleges in connection with different religious bodies, and such colleges representing the Episcopal, Presby- terian, and Roman Catholic Church have been es- tablished. In 1901 the student body numbered 657. The University of Melbourne was estab- lished and endowed by royal act in 1853. There are three affiliated colleges in connection with the Church of England, the Presb^'terian and the Wesleyan churches; also an affiliated school of mines at Belfast. The student attendance in 1901 was 647. The University of Adelaide was incorporated in 1874 and has been endowed chiefly by private benefactions. Faculties are organized in arts, sciences, medicine, law. and music. The number of matriculated students in 1901 was 316. The University of New Zealand was founded in 1871 and later empowered to confer degrees in the four faculties. In 1874. by union with the University of Otago (founded in 1869). the func- tions of the former institution are restricted to
