TAYTAY. 74 part of the island, in latitude 10" 50' N., longi- tude 110° 30' E. The bay of Taytay is about 11 miles long and miles wide, and affords good shelter in the southwest monsoon. There is a fort with walls 30 feet high and accommodations for TOO men. In the neighborhood of the town are large tracts of cultivated ground. A bridle path connects Taytay with the harbor of Jlalam- paya, 4 miles aw'aj', on the western coast of the island. Population, about 1750. TAYTJG-, ta-yoog'. A town of Luzon, Philip- pines, in the eastern part of the Province of Pangasinan, situated 28 miles east of Lingayen (Map: Luzon, E 2). Population, in 1887, 9054; now 10.600. TAZE'WELL, Littleton Waller (1774- 1860). An American political leader, born at Williamsburg, Va. He graduated at William and Mary College in 1792; was admitted to the bar in 1796; was a member of Congress in 1801-03; and then devoted himself to the practice of law. From 1824 until 1833 he was a member of the United. States Senate. As a member of the Com- mittee on Foreign Relations he wrote the famous report on the Panama mission. He opposed most of the acts of Adams and of Jackson; was an enemy to the policy of protection ; denounced nullification, but was not in sympathy with Jackson's method of suppressing it; and at- tacked the Administration for removing the de- posits from the United States Bank. In 1834 he was elected Governor of Virginia, and after serv- ing his term withdrew from public life. His principal published work is Review of the Nego- tiations Bctireen the United States and Great Britain Bcspecting the Commerce of the Tu-o Countries (1820). TCHAD. A lake of Central Africa. See Chad. TCHAIKOVSKI, chi-kof'ski. See TsCHAl- KOWSKY. TCHEKHOFF, cheK'of, Anton Pavlovitch (I860 — ). A Russian novelist, born of former serfs at Taganrog (Southern Russia). In 1884 he received the degree of M.D. at Moscow, but never practiced medicine, as his literary career (begun in 1879 in humorous periodicals) held out promise of great success. His collected Humorous Stories and In Tn-ilight (1887) and Morose Folks (1800) attracted general attention, and from that time his reputation increased rapidly, until at present he occupies with Gorky the front lank of the jounger Riissian writers. The latest edition of his works appeared in eleven volumes (Saint Petersburg, 1900). The i/emoi>"s of a Stranger, Fires, Ward No. 6, A Tedious Story, and Steppe are the best of his longer w'orks. The general tenor of all his works, bristling with sallies of humor, stinging wit, and often verging on caricatvire or the farcical, is pessimistic anger. But in all his writings the native humor is so pronounced that they are read by all classes with the greatest avidity. TCHELYABINSK, chel-y.'i-bJnsk'. An im- portant district town in the Government of Orenburg, Eastern Russia, 303 miles northeast of Orenburg (Map: Russia. K 3). As the western terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway the town has considerable commercial importance. Popu- lation, in 1897, 19.891. TCHELYUSKIN, ehel-yoos'kin. Cape. See Severo Cape. TCHERNIGOV. TCHER'EMIS'SES. A Finnish tribe of East- em Russia, living in the region on the left bank of the middle Volga — Pyatka, Kazan, and the adjoining governments. They number about 250,000. Their average height is 1.61 meters, the cephalic index 79. In general, they have red hair and a full beard of the same color ; their eyes are sunken and of blue, greenish, or chestnut shade; the complexion is fair and freckled, the cheek bones prominent, the face and lips thin, the chin round, and the nose straiglit. Some au- thorities believe that they received through the Bulgarians the Tatar influences displayed in their social life, their houses, costumes, social organi- zation, and religious ideas. They believe in evil and good gods, the former called 'Yo' and the latter 'Yurnon Baii-an.' and there is evidence that they believe in life after death and in spirits. While the corn blossoms they will not work, and at the end of the period they sacrifice cows, slieep, and fowls in a curious ceremony in which they put the head, heart, and liver of the sacrifice in a bowl and offer it up with prayer before the fire. For three days they eat and pray, and at the end of the ceremony throw what- ever is not consumed into the fire, which is kept continually burning. They have also many magi- cal rites to ward off the evil influences of the spirits of the wood, river, and snow and to keep the ghosts of the dead in their graves. Consult Smirinov, i)/oi-(Zycs e* Tclieremisses (Paris, 1895). TCHERKASSY, cher-kiis'se. A district town in the Government of Kiev, South Russia, situ- ated on the Dnieper, 126 miles southeast of Kiev (Map: Russia, D 5). It trades in grain, tobacco, and sugar. Population, in 1897, 29,619. TCHERNAYA, cher-nii'ya- A small river in the Crimea, Government of Taurida, Southern Russia, flowing into the Black Sea near Sebasto- pol. On August 16, 1855, the Russians, num- bering 74,000 men, wdio were besieged in iSebastopol, advanced against the Allies, num- bering 39,030, and on the banks of the Tchernaya were repulsed with heavy loss. ' TCHERNAYEFF, cher-nii'yef, Mikitail Grigorievitch (1828-98). A Russian general. He fought in the Crimean War and in the Cau- casus and went to Turkestan in 1864 as major- general and captured Tashkend. He left the army in 1807, commenced the practice of law at Moscow, and became an ardent advocate of Pan- slavism (q.v. ). In 1876 he received the com- mand of the Rer^•ian army on the Morava. and was defeated by the Turks at Alexinatz, October 29tli. In 1879 lie tried to organize a revolution in Bulgaria and w-as sent as prisoner to Adri- anople and thence brought to Russia. From 1S82 to 1884 he was Governor-General of the military department of Tashkent in Turkestan. TCHERNIGOV, cher-ne'gof. A government in the southwestern part of Russia. Area, 20.233 square miles (Map: Russia. D 4). The surface is level, and in the north marshy. It is watered by the Dnieper and the Desna. 'The chief occupa- tion is agriculture and the principal products • are rye. buckwheat, potatoes, wheat, and tobacco. Stock-raising is also important. There is an abundance of porcelain clay, which is used ex- tensively for the production of porcelain ware; wooden ware is also largely manufactured. There are a number of sugar refineries and distilleries.
