TCHERNIGOV. 7 Population, in 1897, 2.322,007, consisting largely of Little Russians. Capital, Tcliernigov (q.v.). TCHERNIGOV. The capital of the Govern- ment of Tcliernigov, Russia, situated on the Desna, 470 miles southwest of Moscow (Map: Russia, D 4). It has two cathedrals dating from the eleventh and the twelfth centuries and re- mains of an old castle. Population, in 1897, 25,- 580. Tchernigov rose to political and commercial importance as early as the eleventh century. TCHEBNYSHEFF, cher'ni-shef, Alexander IvA.xoviTCii. Prince (178G-1857). A Russian general. He served against the French at Aus- terlitz and Friedland. and on the side of Napoleon at Aspern and W'agram. He bore an important part in the campaigns of 1813-14; was made a count in 1825 and Minister of War in 1828. Nicholas I. created him a prince in 1841. TCHEBNYSHEVSKI, cher'ni-shef'ske, Nik- olai Gaveilovitch (1828-89). A Russian pub- licist and author, born at Saratov. He went in 1846 to the Saint Petersburg University, and soon after devoted himself to literary work. In 1862 he was put into prison for his radical views, and there he wrote in 1803 his novel What's to Bo Done? which became the po- litical gospel of the Nihilists. He was in exile in Siberia until 1883 when he was allowed to settle at Astrakhan, and at his native town in 1889, a few months prior to his death. Tchernysliev- ski's historical mission lies in shaping the liberal thought of Russia. His works, w-hich include a translation of Mill's Political Economy, "were published in Switzerland in 1868-70, in 4 vol- umes. Consult Plekhanoff, Tchernyslievski (Stuttgart, 1894). TCHETCH'EW, or CHECHEN. One of the eastern groups of the peoples of the Caucasus, dwelling between the Kabards and Lcsghians and numbering about 225,000 (cephalic in- dex. Eastern Tchetchen, 84.5 ) . Tchetchen is the name given them by the Russians ; the Georgians call them Kisti, but their native ap- pellation is Nakhtche, or 'people.' They are one of the most primitive peoples of the Caucasus, and in their mountain fastnesses even now re- sist Russian conquest. Their religion seems to be Islamism imposed upon an earlier crude form of Christianity with a heathen background. By language the}' rank as an independent stock. TCHIGOKIN, chVo-rln, Michael (1850—). A Russian chess master., born in Saint Peters- burg. He was engaged for a time in the Rus- sian civil service, but early became interested in chess, and at the Berlin tournament of 1881 increased his local fame as an expert by follow- ing Blackburn and Znkertort in the list of vic- tors. He was defeated by Steinitz at Havana in 1889, although two years afterwards he won two cable matches. In 1892 he made an unsuccess- ful attempt to win the world's championship. At the Moscow tnurnament of 1899 he won first prize, divided the first honors in 1900 at the National Russian Tournament, and was third in the International Masters' Tournament held at Monte Carlo in 1901.
- TCHIKHATCHErE, che'Ka-chef, Peter
Alexandrovitch (1808-90). A Russian geol- ogist and traveler. In 1842, with Klie de Beau- mont. Heppert, and Verneuil, he investigated the Altai Mountains, the result being Voyage scienti- VoL. XIX.— 6. 5 TCHTJVASHES. fr/ue dans V Altai oriental et les parties adjointes de la frontiire dc Chine (1845). An attache in the Russian Kmbassy at Constantinople ( 1845- 47 ) , he mastered Turkish, and during 1847-63 traversed Asia Minor, making large geological, paleontological, archa'ological, zoiiloglcal, and botanical collections. He embodied the results of his studies in Asie Minciire (1853-09). Among his otlicr works are Eludes de g(ographie et d'his- toire naiiirclh: ( 1890). TCHISTOPOL, ches-to'pdl. A district town in the Government of Kazan, Russia, situated on the Kama, 90 miles southeast of Kay.:in (Map: Russia, II 3). It has flour mills, distilleries, and cotton mills. Population, in 1897, 20,161. TCHITA, che'ta. The capital of the Territory of Transbaikalia and an important centre of Eastern Siberia, on the Tchita River and the Trans-Sil)erian Railway, 532 miles by rail east of Irkutsk (Map: Asia. L 3). Population, in 1897, 11,480, largely Burials. TCHITCHAGOEP, checha'gof, Pavel Vas- siLiEviTCii (1705-1849). A Russian admiral. He_ served under his father, Vasili Yakovlevitch (1726-1809), a Russian admiral, and completed his studies in England (1792-93). As head of the Na-A- under Alexander 1. he greatly promoted the efficiency of the service. In 1812 he received an important military command, but failing to prevent Napoleon's recrossing the Beresina he fell into disgrace and left Russia. His Memoirs (1886-88) are valuable. TCHORLTT, chor'loiT. A town of the Vilayet of Rodosto, in European Turkey, on the Tchorlu River, a tributary of the Ergene, 20 miles north- east of Rodosto (Map: Balkan Peninsula, F 4). There are Christian churches and mosques. Wine and fruit are produced; native carpets and woolen cloth are manufactured. Population about 11,500. TCHUKTCHI, chook'chj, or CHUKCHI (from chawtcy, rich in reindeer). A people liv- ing in the extreme northeast of Asia, numbering some 15,000. The 'reindeer Tchuktehi' dwell in the interior about the Kolyma River; the 'sea (or fishing) Tchuktehi,' who form the great majority, inhabit the coast of the Arctic from Bear Island to East Cape, while on the Pacific side they have mingled with the Eskimo. They are tall, well built, rather light-skinned, decided"- ly brachycephalic in part (there seem to be two physical varieties among them), and differ some- what in form and features from the typical Mon- golians, with whom they are allied by speech. Besides an interesting Shamanism, the Tchuk- tehi have a wealth of folk-lore and mythology not without traces of Eskimo influence. Among them, as among several other savage tribes, the old men commit suicide with great ceremony. TCHTTST, chciost. A town in the Territory of Ferghana. Russian Turkestan. 110 miles northeast of Khokand (Map: Persia. M 1). The natives manufacture knives and saddles. Population, in 1897, 13.686. TCHTJVASHES, chTxT-vnsh'gz. A people of Eastern Russia, probably of Finnic origin, and now with a strong Tatar admixture. Their seat is near the Volga and they number somewhat over 500,000. Their language, which is distinct, is assigned to the Ural-Altaic stock. They are industrious and orderly, their
