where he settled, becoming the pupil of Corot and Daubigny. His work has poetic sentiment, sobriety, simplicity, and realism. His landscapes, usually chosen from Sweden or the banks of the Oise, include "Forests and Waterfall" (1863); "View at Fjellbacka" (1868); "An October Day" (1873, now in New York City); "Morning in the Forests of Eure" (1894); "Storm on the Plains of Anoers" (1894): "Gullmarsfjord," and views of the Oise, of Finistère, and of Sweden, at the Exposition of 1900.
WAHLSTATT, väl'stȧt. A battlefield near Liegnitz (q.v.), Silesia.
WAHLVERWANDTSCHAFTEN, väl'fĕr-vänt'shäft-en (Ger., Elective Affinities). A fatalistic romance by Goethe (1809), dealing with the irresistible passions which a married pair, Edward and Charlotte, conceive for Ottilie and the captain, two unmarried friends, and the tragic result that arises in consequence. The work has been severely criticised as immoral, and as highly praised.
WAHNFRIED, vän'frēt. The residence of Richard Wagner at Bayreuth, built in 1873 by Wöltle. The front bears the inscription "Hier wo mein Wähnen Frieden fand, Wahnfried sei dieses Haus von mir genannt." The grave of the great composer is in the garden.
WAHOO. See Elm.
WAHRMUND, vär'mụnt, Adolf (1827—). An Austrian Oriental scholar. He was born at Wiesbaden, studied at Göttingen and Vienna, and was connected with the Imperial library in the latter city from 1853 to 1861. In 1871 he became teacher of Arabic in the Oriental Academy, and was at the head of this institution from 1885 till 1897. He published grammars of modern Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, and a modern Arabic-German dictionary; Die christliche Schule und das Judenthum (1885); Das Gesetz des Nomadenthums (1887); Der Kulturkampf zwischen Asien und Europa (1887); Das Reich der Zwecke (1895).
WAIFS (OF. waif, gueyf, gaif, from Icel. Veif, flapping or moving thing, from veifa, to vibrate, waver; connected with Goth, bi-waibjān, OHG. weibön, to waver). In English law, stolen goods which are thrown away or abandoned by a thief on being pursued. Such goods belong to the Crown, but this prerogative is usually waived if the true owner diligently endeavors to prosecute the thief. The owner may reclaim stolen goods under such circumstances in the United States. See Bishop on Criminal Law.
WAIKATO, wi'ka-to. A river of New Zealand. It rises in the centre of North Island, south of Lake Taupo, which it traverses, and after a northwesterly course of 140 miles flows into the Pacific Ocean on the west coast, by a wide estuary, passing Mercer and Havelock, which with Hamilton are the chief settlements on its banks (Map: New Zealand, E 3).
WAIN'WRIGHT, Jonathan Mayhew (1792-1854). Protestant Episcopal bishop. He was born in Liverpool, England, of American parentage. He graduated at Harvard College (1812); became rector of Christ Church, Hartford, Conn. (1816); assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York (1819); rector of Grace Church (1821), and of Trinity Church, Boston (1834); took charge of Saint John's Chapel, Trinity Parish, New York (1838); and was elected provisional bishop of the diocese of New York, and consecrated in 1852. Among his published writings are: There Cannot be a Church Without a Bishop (1844); The Pathways and Abiding-Places of Our Lord (1851); and The Land of Bondage (1852). Consult his memoirs by J. N. Norton (New York, 1858).
WAINWRIGHT, Richard (1849—). An American naval officer, born in Washington, D.C. He graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1868, became a lieutenant in 1873, commanded the coast-survey vessel Arago for a time, was successively flag-lieutenant to Admiral Patterson, commanding on the Asiatic Station, and secretary to Admiral Jouett, commanding the North Atlantic Squadron, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-commander in 1894. In February, 1898, he was executive officer of the battleship Maine, when that vessel was destroyed in Havana Harbor, and during the Spanish-American War he commanded the converted yacht Gloucester, taking a distinguished part in the naval battle of Santiago and being largely responsible for the destruction of Cervera's torpedo-boat destroyers, the Pluton and the Furor. In March, 1899, he was promoted to the rank of commander, and in March, 1900. became superintendent of the United States Naval Academy.
WAITE, Morrison Remick (1816-88). An American jurist. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1874 to 1888. He was born at Lyme, Conn., and graduated at Yale in 1837. He was admitted to the bar at Maumee City, Ohio, in 1839. In 1849 he was elected to the Ohio Legislature as a Whig, of which party he was a member until the organization of the Republican Party. He first attracted national attention when in 1871 he was appointed with Caleb Cushing and William M. Evarts to represent the United States before the tribunal for the arbitration of the Alabama and other claims at Geneva, Switzerland. In 1873 he was president of the Ohio Constitutional Convention. In January, 1874, President Grant nominated Waite to succeed Salmon P. Chase as Chief Justice of the United States, and he was at once unanimously confirmed. This position he held until his death. As Chief Justice he was dignified and impartial, and absolutely unbiased by political considerations. In the numerous constitutional questions growing out of the interpretation of the amendments following the Civil War, he maintained a balance between the rights of the States and the extended powers of the Federal Government, and many of the most important opinions of this period were written by him. Among these decisions were those on the head-money tax cases (1876), the polygamy cases (1879), the election laws (1880), the power of removal by the President (1881), the Virginia land cases (1881), the Civil Rights Act (1883), the Alabama claims (1885), the Legal Tender Act (1885), the express companies' cases (1880), the extradition cases (1886), the Virginia debt cases (1887), and the cases of the Chicagoo anarchists (1887).
WAITS (OF. waite, gaite, guet. Fr. guet, watch, guard, from OHG. wahta, Ger. Wacht, watchman, from OHG. wahhën, Ger. wachen,
