WISLICENUS. 600 "WISTARIA. leaders of the Free Congregations (q.v.). He was born at Battaune, Prussian Saxony, studied theology at Halle, and as member of the Bursch- enseliaf't was sentenced in 1824 to twelve years' coniinement in a fortress. He was pardoned in 1829 and continued his studies in Berlin. Since 1841 paster at Halle, he became associated with the "Friends of Light," and in consequence of a lecture delivered at Kothen in 1844, was de- prived of his pastorate in 1846. Henceforth preacher of the free congregation at Halle, his pamphlet Die Bibel im Lichte der Bildung un- serer Zeit caused him to be sentenced to two years' imprisonment, in 1853, when he fled to America, lectured at first in Boston and in 1854 established a school at Hoboken, N. .J. Returning to Europe in 1856. he opened a school at Zurich, where he wrote his princijial work, Die Bihel, fur denkende Leser betrachtet (2ded. 1866). WISLICENUS, Hermaun (1825-99). A Ger- man historical ]iainter. born at Eisenach. In 1844 he began his studies at the Dresden Acad- emy, where he afterwards became a pupil of Bendemann and of .Julius Rchnorr. under whose influence he painted his first picture, '"Abundance and Misery," which was acquired by the Dresden Gallery. A stipend from the Grand Duke of Weimar enabled him to study (1853-57) in Italy, where he became a follower of Cornelius. On his return he settled at Weimar, and among other oil paintings, water-colors, and cartoons executed "Night With Its Retinue," for the Grand Duke of Weimar, the "Jlyth of Prometheus" (1862, Leipzig Museum), "The Flood of Deucalion" (1865, Weimar Museum); the mural paintings "Brutus as .ludge of his Sons" and "The Mother of the Gracchi." in the staircase of Dr. Hiirtel's Roman House at Leipzig: "Fancy Borne by the Dreams" (Schaek Gallery. ^Munich) ; "Angels Singing Psalms," nniral painting (Grand-ducal chapel. Weimar). Appointed professor at the Diisseldorf Academy, in 1868, he painted there "The Four Seasons" (1877, National Gallery, Berlin). In the competition for the decoration of the restored Kai^^erhaus at Goslar he won the first (irize. and. assisted by some of his pupils, completed the frescoes depicting various char- acteristic episodes in the evolution of the Ger- man Empire, in 1897. WISLICENUS, .ToHANNES (1835-1902). A German chemist, born at Kleineichstiidt, near Querfurt, Prussian Saxony, a son of Gustav Adolf Wislicenus. He studied at Halle, then went with his father to the United States, and for a time was an assistant at Harvard. In 1801 he became professor in the canton school of Ziirich; in 1864 was called to the tiniversity there, and in 1870 became professor in the Poly- technic Institute at Zurich, of which in the fol- lowing year he was made director. . year later he accepted a chair in Wiirzburg, and in 1885 in Leipzig. He did important work upon the alco- hols, upon the salts, upon lactic aciil. and tipon acetic ether. Among his published works are Theorie dcr fiemischtrn Tiiprn, (1859) and Lchr- biifh drr Chi^mie (9th ed. W76-81). WISMAR, vls'miir. A seaport of the Grand Dudiy of .Vleeklenburg-Schwerin. Germany, at the head of a bay of the same name, one of the best harbors of the Baltic, 18 miles north of Schwerin (Map: Germany, D 2), It has manu- factures of tobacco, sail-cloth, machinery, paper, malt liquors, and sugar. Shipbuilding and fish- ing are important industries. Population, in 1900, 19.758. Wismar was the capital of Meck- lenburg from 1256 to 1358 and a Hanseatic town of importance. In 1648 it passed to Sweden, and in 1803 to ilecklenburg-Sehwerin. WISSMANN, vis'nian, Hermann von (1853 — ) . A fierman-African explorer, born at Frank- fort-on-the-Oder. He entered the army and be- came lieutenant in 1874. In 1880 he accompanied Dr. Pogge. in the service of the German African Society, on an expedition into Central Africa. Setting out from Saint Paul de Loanda on the west coast, they readied Nyangwe in April, 1882. Thence Pogge returned to the west coast, but Wissmann kept on eastward and reached Zanzibar. ■ In 1883-85 he explored the region of the Kassai River and other parts of the Congo Basin for the Belgian Government, and in 1886-87 traveled from Lubuku on the Congo to Mozambique, by way of Nyangwe and lakes Tanganyika and Nyassa. In 1889-90, as Imperial commissioner, he suppressed the Arab tiprising under Bushiri in German East Africa. In 1892 he failed in an attempt to take two steamers to the Victoria Nyanza by way of lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika. In 1895-96 he was Governor of German East Africa. Among his ])ub!ished works are: Im Innern Afiikas (3d ed. 1891) ; XJnter deiitschcr Flange qtier diirch Afrika, 1SS0-S3 (7th ed. 1890) ; ilciiw ::n-eite Dnrchqiierung Aequato- rial-Afrikas I'om Kongo ztim Zambesi v-</ihrcnd dcr Jahre 1SS6 u. iS'f>7 (1890): Hchilderungcn und Ratschliige zur Vorbereitung fiir den Aiifent- hult und den Dienst in den deutschen 8chutz- grhicten (1895). Consult Ruble, Hermann von Wixsmrinn (Miinster, 1892), WISSOWA, vis-sr/va, Georg (1859—). A German classical philologist, born at Bres- lau, and professor in the University of Halle. He is distinguished for his studies in the field of Roman religion, and was editor of Pauly's Real-Enei/klopiidie der klassisehen Altertnms- icissenschaft (1892 et seq. ). His more impor- tant works are: De Veneris Sinnilacris Roniiinis (1882); Die Religion der Riimer (1901); and TertuUiani Opera.'vo. i. (1890). He also edited the second edition of Marquardt's Romiache l^taafsra-iealtiing, vol, iii. (1885). WISTAR. Ca.spar (1761-1818) .' An Ameri- can pliysician. horn ii Philadcliiliia. He grad- luitcd in medicine at the University of Edinbirgh in 1786. and in 1789-92 was professor of cliem- istry and physiology at the College of Philadel- phia. This institution in the latter year uniteil with the uu'dical deiiartment of the I'niversity of Pennsylvania, and Wistar was made adjunct professor of anatomy and surgery. In 1808 he became full professor and remained such till his death. In 1815 he succeeded Thomas .TefTerson as president of the American Philosophical So- ciety, and held the position until his death. He published, among other works, A Sgstcrn of Annfomii (1811). • ' WISTARIA (Neo-Lnt.. named in honor of Cav|iar W'isfar). A genus of climbing deciduous shrubs of the natural order Lcguminosa-. The species have drooping racemes of bluish (lowers, for which they are commonly grown against the
