WOLF. 611 WOLF. si(lcral)lo. Tho French wolvps lue ^cnorally browner, and ratlicr smaller, than lliose of Ger- many; the wolves of Russia are lar^'er, and have longer hair; in Italy and Turkey a tawny color predominates. The great black Pyrcncaii wolf is the most marked variety. Wolves are still very plentiful in some parts of Europe. In the Pyre- nees and jrdeniu's, among the Carpatliian Moun- tains and in Turkey, they are conmion; and in the forests of Poland and Kussia wolves often a|i- pear in formidable packs, and still cause much loss by their attacks on cattle, sheep, and horses. The wolf was fcirmcrly common in Great I'.ritain, and the last wolf in Scotland is said to have been killed in 1743. Although systematic naturalists have named numerous species and subspecies among Ameri- can wolves, there are practically only two kinds — the large 'gray,' 'timber,' or Canadian wolf, w'hieh is practically identical with the wolf of the Old World; and the ]irairic wolf, or coyote. The American form of the fhst-namcd species is more robust, and has longer, lighter hair on the average, than the Old World fin-m, but is practi- cally the same. It is possible that the black wolf {Ganis ater) , a few of which remain in the Flor- ida Everglades, and an Arctic species {Canis alhus) , pure white except the black tip of the tail, may prove to be distinct species. Once nu- merous all over the country, wolves arc now unknown east of the Mississippi and Lake Hviron, never having been able to hold their place, in spite of plentiful refuges in the forests and mountains, as have the wolves of Eurojie. They are still numerous in the Rocky .Mountains and on the Pacific coast, and exceedingly so in the northern part of British America, where they live upon the game and occasionally do great damage to the horses, sheep, and cattle on open ranches. They keep themselves hidden in the woods, and hence are known everywhere in the West as 'tim- ber' wolves. The other American wolf, smaller, redder, and addicted to an open country r.nther than to the forests, is the red or prairie wolf, or coyote. Until recently this wolf, which formerly ranged eastward as far as the prairies extended, but now is not known cast of the dry plains, was re- garded as only a single widespread and variable species {Canis Iritrans) ; but systematists now believe that several distinct species of these small wolves should be recognized. See Coyote. South America has several wolf-like canine animals, described imder Fox-DoG, JIaxed Wolf, and other names. For illustrations and bibliog- raphy, see Canid.e; Bog, WOLF, Tasmanian or Zebka, See Dasyure. WOLF, volf, Adam (1822-83), An Austrian historian, born at Eger. He studied jurispru- dence and philosophy in Prague and in Vienna, •where he established himself as doccnt of his- tory at the university, in 1850. Appointed pro- fessor at the University of Pest in 18.52, he be- came tutor of the daughters of Archduke Al- breeht in 1850 and professor at the University of Gratz in 1865. His works, based on thorough investigations, are valuable contributions to the history of Austria under ^faria Theresa and her successors, and include': Oesterrcirh uiitcr Maria Theresia (1855); Aiis dem fjoflchcii Maria Theresias (2d ed. 1850) ; Marie Clirixtine, Erz- herzogin von Oesterreich (1863) ; Kaiser Fran:: I. (lS(i((); Die Aufhehung dcr Kliisler in In- ncrHslerrcich (1871) ; deschichtlichv Uilder aus Ocsicrrcivh (1878-80); Oesterreich unler Maria 'I'liercaia, Joseph II. und Leopold II. (1882) ; and others, besides many treatises on Austrian his- tory in the publications of the Vienna Academy of Sciences, WOLF, EnMi-Nu .Tacob (18-10—). An Ameri- can Lutheran minister and scholar. H(! was born at Rebersburg, Pa., and graduated at Pennsyl- vania College, Gettysburg, in 1803. He studied theology at Gettysburg. Tubingen, and Erlangen, and entered the ministry in 1805. After several years in the pastorate, he became professor of Church history and New Testament exegesis in the theological seminary at Gettysburg in 1874, .Vmong his publications is The Lutherans in America (New York, 1889). WOLF, vAlf, FERniNAXD (1796-1866). An Austrian Romance scholar, born in Vienna and educated at the University of (Iratz. Upon his return to Vienna his tastes led him to the stu<ly of mediaeval literature, and he became connected in 1827 with the Imperial Library. When the -Academy of Sciences was founded, he was made a member and secretary of the institution. Wolf did work of sterling value in opening the field of Romance literature, especially that of fSpain, to modern scholarship. With Ebert he founded in 1858 the Jahrhurh fiir romanische und englisehe Litleniliir, and he edited, either alone or in com- pany with otlicrs, a large number of texts. Some of his more important independent pulilications are: Die Huge vom Brnder l(nisfh (1835) ; Flo- rcsia de rimas modernus custcllanas (1837); Ueber die Lais, Hequenzen und Leiche (1841); I'cher die Ronianzenpoesie der Spanier (1847) ; >Studien xur (leschichtc der spanischen und por- tufjiesischen 'NutionaUitteratur (1859) ; and Kis- ioire de la liltcrature brcsilienne (1803). WOLF, Fmedricii ArcusT (1759-1824). A German classical scholar, born at Haynrode, Prussian Saxony. He studied at Gottingen and began his career as a teacher in the seminary at Ilfeld in 1779, then became rector of the gymna- sium at Osterode (1782), and in 1783 was called to the chair of philosophy and pedagogy at Halle, where he taught imtil the university was closed after the battle of Jena (1800). Wolf founded his teaching upon the proposition that classical study or '■.ltertumswissenschaft"' should jn'op- erly deal with all phases of the life and thought of antiquity', as expressed in all the evidence, both literary and monumental, that has been pre- seiwed. He saw in classical antiquitv a model public and private life, resting on the highest ideals, and the development of the study of an- tiquitv along broad lines since his time may be largely traced to his influence. - In 1807 Wolf went to P>erlin, where he w'as active in the founding of the new university. He became involved in a number of petty ciuarrels, and in April, 1824, he undertook a journey to Southern France, in the hope of regaining his impaired health, but died at Marseilles in August of the same year. Wolf's fame rests chiefly upon his Prolegomena ad Iloinerirm, published at Halle in 1795. In this work he traced the history of the Homeric poems from about B.C. 950, the date at which he placed the maturity of Ionic poetry, to the time of Pisistratus
