WOLF. 613 WOLFE. •( about B.C. 550). and endeavored to show that the Iliad and the Odyssey as we now haA-e thcin have been materially changed from their original form, and that they are made up of separate poems, not all by the same author, but be did not deny the existence of a personal Homer, as has often been stated. This view is not entirely original with Wolf, as many of his argu- ments had been anticipated by Giambattista Vico (whose work, however, was not known to Wolf), and by Robert 'ood. but he was able to enforce his theory with many new arguments drawn from the sclioiia of the Venice manuscript of Homer, which had been published by Villoison in 17.S8. The Prolegomena called forth a storm of criti- cism and attack, and the Homeric question, as the question of 'one or many Homers' came to be called, easily overshadowed all other philo- logical discussions of the last century. (."^ce Homer.) Although many of Wolf's arguments, especially his principal argument based upon the age of writing in Greece, have been seriously weakened lv later discoveries, the book remains of fundamental importance for the student, and the minute examination of the Homeric writings which the Prolcyomcna called forth has been of inestimable value for the knowledge and appre- ciation of the poems. Aside from the Prolegomena, and editions of Homer (lluid, Halle, 1794; Iliad and Odyssey, Leipzig, 18041807), Wolf's works include an edition of Demoslhenes's speech Against LepUneS; with an introduction and a commentary (1789) ; editions of Plato's Hymposium (1782) ; Hesiod's Theoyony (1783); selections from Lucian ( 1791 ) ; the history of Herodian ( 1792) ; Cicero's Quwstiones Tuseulanw (1792: 4th ed. 1825); Cicero's speeches Post Reditum in Senatu, De Domo Sua ad Pontifices, De Earuspicum Re- spmisis; and Pro Marcello (1801) — vrongly re- garded as spurious by Wolf: Suetonius (1802) ; and selected dialogues of Plato — the Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito (1812 and 1820). His edi- tions of the Clouds of Aristophanes (1812) and a part of the Aeharnians (1811) are accom- panied by a translation. Other works include: Oeschichie der romischen Litteratur (1787) ; Yer- misehte Avfsatze in lateinischer iind dcntseher ■Spraehe (1802) ; Litterarische Analekten — a periodical, with interesting sketches of English philologists (Berlin, 1817-1820). Several of his writings were published after his death — so his Vorlesungen iiber die vier ersten Gesiinye von, Ho- mers Ilias, edited by Usteri (1830-.31) ; Eneyklo- pMdie dei- Pliilologie, by Stockmann ( 1831 : 2(1 ed. 184.')) : Darstetlungen der Altertumsteisscnschaft, by Hoffmann (1839); and Consilia Scholastiea, by Fohlisch (1820-30). A collection of Wolf's minor works was published by Bernliardy (Halle, 1869). Consult: Pattison, Essays (Oxford, 1889) ; Hanhart, Erinnerungen an Friedrich August ^'olf (Basel, 1825); KiJrte, Leben und Studien Friedrich August Wolfs, des Philologen (Essen, 1833) ; Arnoldt, Friedrich. August Wolf •in seinem ^'erlliiltnisse zum Schuluiesen und- zur Piidayogik (Brunswick, 18(>l-fi2) : Bernays, Goethes liriefc an Wolf (Berlin, 18(i8) ; Bursian, Oesehichte der klassischen Pliilologie in Dcutsch- land (Munich, 1883). WOLF, Hrco (1860-1903). An Austrian composer, born at Windisehgraz, Styria. After studying at the Conservatory in Vienna, he be- came musical critic for the Wiener Suloiibhitt. Attacked by a serious nervous disease, he was taken to a sanitarimn in Vienna, in 1896, and died there. He composed Penthesilea, a sym- phonic poem; Feuerreiter, a choral work; Der Corregidor, a comic opera: and Manuel Vanegas, an opera which he left unfinished ; but it was es- pecially as a writer of songs that he made bis mark. He published Goethe-Lieder, Moricke- Lieder, Spauisches Liederbuch, and Italienisches Liederbueh. For his biography, consult Haber- landt (Leipzig, 1903) and Decsey (Berlin, 1903). WOLFBERRY. See Snowberey. WOLF-DOG, or Wolfhound. A kind of dog used for hunting the wolf. One breed, now al- most extinct, was the old Irish wolfhound. An- other formerly abundant in Norway and Sweden is now almost exclusively found in Spain, into which it is supposed to have been introduced by the Goths. It is of large size, with pointed nose, erect ears^ long silky hair, and a very bushy tail curled over the back. In color it is mostly white, with large clouds of tawny color or brown. Simi- lar characteristics belong to the Russian wolf- hound or borzoi. See Greyhound, and Plate of Dogs. WOLFE, C.TI1ERINE LOEILLAED (1828-87). An American philanthropist, born in New York City. After the death of her parents she devoted her life to works of charity and philanthropy, on which she expended about ,$200,000 annuallj'. She gave large sums to Grace Church and Saint Luke's Hospital, New York City, Union College, and the American School at Athens; founded a home for incurables at Fordham, N. Y'., and a news- boys' lodging house in the lower part of New York City; supplied the funds for Dr. Ward's archoeo- logical expedition to Asia Minor: and gave to the Metropolitan Museum of Art a valuable collection of paintings, together with an endowment of $200,000 for its preservation and enlargement. For descriptions of this collection, consult The yational Magazine, vol. xviii. (New York, 1891), and The Art Journal, vol, xli. WOLFE, Charles (1791-1823). An Irish clergyman and poet. He was born at Blackhull, County Kildare, Ireland. He was educated at the Abbey High School, Winchester, England, and at the LTniversity of Dublin, where he re- ceived a scholarship in 1812 and took his degree of bachelor of arts in 1814. During this period he was actively employed as a tutor, and also composed the greater jjart of his poetry. His celebrated lines on The liurial of Sir John Moore were written in ISKi, and soon afterwards found their way into the newspai)crs. Their author was at first unknown, .fter iiualifying himself to take orders in 1817, Wolfe became curate of Ballyclog, in the County of Tyrone, from which he was shortly transferred to the larger jiarish of Donoughmore, lie died of consumption on February 21, 1823. His literary Remains, con- sisting chiefly of sermons and a few poems, were published with a memoir in 1825 by the Rev. .fohn A. Russell. WOLFE, .Tame.s (1727-59). A British gen- eral, liorn ;it Westerham, in Kent, .Tannary 2, 1727, He was the son of General K(lw;ird Wolfe, an officer of merit and distiuction under Marl-
