WOLFFIAN BOTTLE. 615 WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH. usually of a plass bottle with tlirco scparatfi opciiin^is 111" moullis on tlic nook. The <;as which it is di'sircd to wash filters lhiouf;h a tulie. which extends to the bottom of the purifyinj; material and then l)iihbles up and passes out tbrouf^li an- other tube, which enters the mouth on the oppo- site side of the bottle. The oponiuf; in the centre, which durinfr the operation is usually kept closed, is used to introduce the liquid reipiired for wash- injr or to regulate the pressure. For manufactur- ini; purposes Wnlltian bottles of a large size are employed, and in many operations a numl)er of them are placed side by side. WOLF-FISH. A large, carnivorous, grayish fish {AiKtnliiclinfi lupus) of the North Atlantic, of little use as food, but noted for its voracity and ugliness. It reaches a length of four or five feet. The mouth is large, opens obliquely, and is fur- nished with formidable teeth ; the sides of the lower jaw have very strong front teeth, big canines, and tubercle-like molars which shut against coarse molars on the jialatines. This dentition is adapted to crushing mollusks and sea-urchins. It bites savagely when caught, and XOWER JAW AND TEETH OF WOLF-FISH. fishermen therefore generally dispatch it as soon as possible by knocking it on the head. It is often very destructive to nets. It is much used in Iceland, both fresh and salted ; and a kind of shagreen, used for bags and pouches, is made of its thick skin. There are other species of the genus in the North Atlantic and Pacitie oceans, one of which {Anarrhichas Iriit III li i^ > 11 known in Alaskan ALASKAN WOLF-FieH. ■waters. Another Pacific coast species is the curi- ous 'wolf-eel' {Avdrrhiclithi/s ocellritits) . These fishes compose the family Anarrhiehadidce, and are closely related to the blennies. WOLFFLIN, vflflin, Eduard (1831—). A German classical philologist and lexicographer, born at Basel, in Switzerland; professor at the University of Munich since 1880. He is espe- cially known for his contributions to the knowl- edge of colloquial Latin and for his long-con- tinued and successful efl'orts to inaugurate a com- plete scientific lexicon of the Latin language. To further the latter plan, he established in 1880, with the aid of the Bavarian Academy of Sci- ence, the Arcliiv fiir liilcinische Lcxilcoyrujihie mid (iraniinalil:. and under his direction a collec- tion of lexicographical material was begun. Later the Boyal Aea<lemies of Berlin, Leipzig, Giittingcn, Munich, and Vienna united in support of the plan for a complete thesaurus of tlic Latin language. A commission was a|)|)ointed to carry forward the collection of material and later to edit the work, and in lltOO the iirst part of the work appcareil. Wiilllliu's publications consist of a large number of articles in various scientific Journals, especially in his own Archir. Among his other important works are: Antiochus von iiyrakus mid Calius Aniipater (187ii) : Lutein- ische imd romaiiische Konipurtilion (18711); edi- tions of Ampelius, Ca-cilius Balbus, Polya^nus, Publilius Syrus, etc. WOLFRAM. A name sometimes applied to the eiriiieiit tiin^jslen (q.v.). WOLFRAMITE (from Gcr. M-olfram. from Wolf, wolf -f Hum, JidhiH, froth, cream, soot). A mineral iron-manganese tungstate crystallized in the monoclinic system. It has a submetallic or resinous lustre, and is red to dark brown or dark gray in color. It occurs associated with tin ores in quartz and with galena,, pyrite, and sphalerite. It is fcnind in Sa.xony, in France, in Cornwall, England ; in Bolivia, South America ; and in the United States at Monroe and Trum- bull, Conn.; Ourav County, Colo.; the Black Hills, S. D.; Lincoln, N. M. ; Mecklenburg County, N. C. ; and Saint Francis County, Mo. A variety consisting almost entirely of man- ganese tungstate, known as hilhnerite, i.s found in Colorado, Nevada, and Montana. See Tungs- ten. WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH, vAlf'riim f6n esh'cn-biiG (cUCi-cLiaO) . The greatest of Middle High German epic poets. He was born at Eschenbach, near Ansbach, in Bavaria, and passed his life chiefly at the Court of Hermann, Landgrave of Thuringia, where he was associ- ated in friendly rivalry with Walther von der Vogelweide (q.v.) and is supposed to have taken part in the poetical contest of the Wartburg (q.v.). He tells us that he could neither read nor write. This made him an independent thinker and gives him a place betw'cen the courtly and the popular poets of his day, w^ith less re- spect for traditions of vocabulary and .syntax and a greater mastery of language and startling metaphor than either. His thought is clear and deep, his humor unfailing, his grasp on life strong. He begins his literary pro'luetion with Dawn-Songs (Tuijelicdcr) of love in the Proven- cal manner, but he soon bade farewell to these exquisite trifles to deal with gre.i,t spiritual ques- tions in Parzival (between 1200 and 1210) and Willeluilm. The subjects are French, but the treatment is German. Parxival (see Perceval) , adapted from Chrestien de Troyes, gave to the saga of the Grail its final form and contains much shrewd criticism of chivalry and Court life. On it Richard Wagner based the supreme effort of his musical genius, ^yillch(llnl is in the main his- torical and philosophic, with charming scenes of household joys and wedded love. Two fragments of another epic, Titurel, are dubioush' attributed to Wolfram. No work of the poets of his period
