WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH. is more instinct than his with the ideals and aspirations of chivalry at its best. Wolfram's 'Works were edited by Laclimann (Berlin, 1833; 5th ed. 1891) ; Parzical and Titu- rel best by Bartseh (2d ed., Leipzig, 1875-77). Of Parzival there are modernized versions by Simrock (6th ed., Stuttgart, 1883); San-Marte (Halle, 1886), who has written also a volume of Parziidl-Stiidien: Biitticher (Sd ed., Berlin, 1893). and Hertz (Stuttgart, 1898). Theye is also an admirable English version by Jessie Weston (London. 1894). Consult: San-Marte, Leben itnd Dichten ^yolframs von Eschenhach (Magdeburg, 1836-41) ; Botticher, Die M'olfram- litterattir seit Lachmann (Berlin, 1880) : id.. Das Hohelied vom Rittertum (ib., 1886) ; Sattler, Die religiosen Anschauungen Wolframs von Eschenhach (Gratz, 1895) : Panzer, Bibliographie zu Wolfram von Eschenhach (Munich, 1897). WOLF'S-BANE. See Aconite. WOLLASTON, wtil'as-ton, Willi.^m Hyde (1706-1828). An English chemist and physicist. He received his general education and studied medicine at Cambridge. After practicing as a physician at Bury Saint Edmunds, he removed to London ; but being beaten by Dr. Pemberton in a competition for the post of physician to Saint George's Hospital, he determined thenceforth never to write a pre- scription, "were it for his own father." but to devote himself wholly to scientific investi- gation. His researclies were prosecuted over a wide range of sciences, but were preemi- nently fruitful in chemistry and in optics. Besides important work in connection with the atomic theory, his name is cormected with the discovery of palladium and rhodiiun and with a method of making platinum malleable, which rendered the metal useful as it is. His contributions to optics are not less im- portant. He was the first to observe the dark lines of the solar spectrum, which were later rediscovered independently and explained by Fraunhofer. Wollaston also made many valuable observations on the refraction of light and in- vented an apparatus for measuring the refractive power of solids. His most valuable inventions were the camera lueida. which has since proved perfectly indispensable in microscopic work, and the reflecting goniometer, an apparatus used for determining the geometrical form of crystals. Tlie results of his research work were published, partly in tlie Philosophical Transactions, partly in the Annals of Philosophi/. Personally Wollas- ton was reserved and distant, and he carried on his investigations in extreme seclusion. WOLLASTONITE (named in ln.nor of Wil- liam Hyde Wollaston) . A mineral calcium sili- cate crystallized in the monoelinic system. It has a vitreous lustre, and is white, gray, yellow, red, or brown in color. It occurs in granular limestone and in regions of granite as a contact formation, or in ejected masses in connection with basalt and lava. It is found in T'inland, Norway, Sweden, the Harz, Italy, Portugal, Ire- land, and in the United States at various locali- ties in New York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. WOL'LE, .John Fkkdkrick (1863—). An American organist and conihutor. born in Beth- leliem, Pa., of an old Moravian family. His first 616 WOLSELEY. regular position was as organist of Trinity Epis- copal Cluirch, Bethlehem, Pa., his position as organist of the Moravian Church having been assumed October 1, 1885. In 1887 he also be- came organist of the Packer Memorial Church, Lehigh L'niversity. Soutli Bethlehem. It was through his work with the Bach Choir (a full account of which will be found under Bethlehem Music Festiv.i,) that he became chiefly known, both at home and abroad. The work of his choir and orchestra during the festival of 1903 gained for him. as their teacher and conductor, an inter- national reputation, the general consensus of critical opinion being that the music of Bach had never before been so effectively and artistically rendered. WOLLSTONECEAFT, wiil'stun-kraft, Mart. See Godwin, ^Iary Wollstoneckaft. WO'LOF. YOLOF. An African Negro race. See WOLOWSKI, vA-lof'sko, Louis Francois Michel Kaymond ( 1810-76) . A French political economist and statesman, born in Warsaw. He was educated in France and took part in the I'olish revolution of 1830. He tlien settled in Paris and founded the Revue de Legislation et de Jurisprndenee (1833). In 1839 he became pro- fessor of connnercial law in the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. In 1852 he founded in Paris the first Credit Foiicier bank; in 1864 became pro- fessor of political economy in the Conservatoire; and in 1875 was appointed a life Senator. Among his numerous published works are: ilohilisation da credit fancier (1839) ; De I'organisation indus- trielle de la France avant Colbert (1842); Le grand dessein de Henri IV. (1860) : Les finances de la Russie (1864); L'or et I'argent (1870); and Resultats eeonomiques du paicment de la con- tribution de guerre en Allemagne et en France (1875). WOLSELEY, wulz'li, Sir Garnet Joseph, first Viscount (1S33 — ). . British soldier, born in Dublin County, Ireland, June 4, 1833. He entered the army in 1852, and in the Burmese War of 1852-53 received a severe wound. He was twice wounded in the Crimean War. For his bravery in the latter struggle he was given the cross of the Legion of Honor by Napoleon III. He served as captain in the Indian Mutiny, and as lieutenant-colonel in the Chinese expedition of 1800. He then went to Canada,' and in 1870, as commander of the Red River expedition, he suppressed the Kiel insurrection at Fort (?arry. For this service he was made knight of the Order of Saint Michael and of Saint George. .s major- general he commandeil the British troo|)s in the Ashanti War. 1S73-74. For his 'courage, cnergi*. and perseverance" in these campaigns, he received the thanks of Parlianu'ut and a grant of £25.000. In 1875 he was dis)iatched to N^atal to sn]ierin- teiid the affairs of the colony; next year he was nominated a member of the Indian Council: and in 1S7H he was made high commissioner and com- mander in-chief in Cyprus, from wliirh post he was rcc;illed in 1879 in order to proceed to the seat of the Zuhi War, with siipreme civil and military einnmand in N'lital. the Transvaal, and adjacent disturlicd territories. He arrived just before the power of the Zulu King was broken at l.'lundi, and arranged the terms of peace with
