WOOD-PRESERVING. 6.17 WOODS. tizing' with zinc siil|]li.-itc. While tlic trco is still growing the head ef the tree is cut off, and the top of the bare stem is liollowed into the form of a liowl, whieli is then filled with the solution, which is afterwards sujiplied as re- quired. The li(|uid penetrates downward, killing the tree as it goes, but giving to the wood a most remarkable degree of duraliility. In 'creosoting' the w-ood may l>o simply steeped in creosote oil. Jlelted naphthaline, too, has been employed as a jireservalive for timber. WOOD-QUAIL. See Roulroul. WOOD-RAT. A large American forest rat, several species of which form the group JJeo- tomina Some have round nearly naked tails and others bushj' tails. They are most numer- ous in the Southern and Western States, and are noted for the large 'houses' they bnild of sticks, pieces of bark, leaves, etc., over the en- trances of their extensive underground burrows. A welbknown species is the bluish-gray Xcotoma Floridana of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. The yellowish brown bushy-tailed species widely distributed from Utah to the interior of British Cohnnbia is Srofonia cinerea. WOOD-ROBIN. A singing bird of forest- keeping habits. In the United States this name is sometimes applied to the wood-thrush (q.v.) ; in Australia, to a warbler (Erythrijdryas rosea), resembling the European robin redbreast. WOODRUFP (AS. inidurofe, u-uderofc, from iciidii, iriilii. wood -f- *rofe, of uncertain meaning, possibly ruff), Asperula. A genus of about 7.3 annual and perennial herbs of the natural order Rubiaceae. The sweet w'oodruff {Asprnila iido- rata) is common in shady woods in all parts of Europe. The plant when dried has an agreeable fragrance, similar to that of dried vernal grass. It forms an agreeable herb tea, and enters into the composition of the popular ilay drink of the Germans. Dyer's woodruff {Asperula tinctoria) , a native of Europe and of Siberia, is a perennial whose root is used in Dalmatia and elsewhere in- stead of madder, but is less pi'oduetive. WOOD'RUFF, WiLFOKD (1807-08). A presi- dent of the Mormon Church. (See MoRSio>'S.) He was born on March 1, 1807, in Avon, Hart- ford Coimtv. Conn. He joined the Mormon Church in 183.3 in Oswego ' County, N. Y. He met the Prophet Joseph Smith, Jr. (q.v.). at Kirtland, Ohio, and then removed to Clay Coun- ty, Mo., whence he made missionary trips to the .Southwestern States. In 1837 he became a mem- ber of the first quorum of Seventies and in 1839 of the quorum of Twelve. In lS3n, 1840, and 1844 he was a missionary in England, and in 1848 in the Eastern States. He was one of the pioneers to Salt Lake. While at Xauvoo he as- serted that he was opposed to the plural mar- riage system. However, as one of the Twelve Apostles, he refused to take the test oath against polygamy. In ISUO, as newly elected president of the" Church, Woodriiff issued a proclamation in which he said, in order to anticipate the pro- visions of the Cullom bill, "I publicly declare that my advice to the Latter-Day Saints is to refrain from anv marriage forbidden by the law of the land," He died September 2. 1898. WOOD-RUSH. See Luzula. WOODS, CiiABLEs Robert (1827-8.")). An American soldier, born at Newark, Ohio. He graduated at West Point in 18.')2, and became first lieutenant in the Ninth Infantry in October, 18.3.5. .Just before the Civil War began he com- manded the troops on the steamer Hlar of the ^Vc.1t in the unsuccessful attempt to reenforce Fort Sumter (q.v.). In October, 1801. he be- came colonel of the Seventy-sixth Ohio; fought under General Grant at Fort Donclson and Shi- loh ; commanded SWEET WOODRUFF. brigade in the advance on Corinth, the land forces in the expedition to Milliken's Bend, a regiment in the Chickasaw Bluffs Expedition and the capture of Arkansas Post, and a brigade in the operations against Vicks- burg; and was made a brigadier-general of volun- teers in August, 1803. He participated in the opera- tions about Chattanooga ; fought under Sherman in the advance on Atlanta and in the march to the sea ; and in Mai'ch, 180.5, was bre- vetted major-general of vol- unteers for services at the battle of Bentonville, He became lieutenant-colonel of the Thirty-third Infantry in .July. 1800; was promoted to be colonel of the Second In- fantry in ilarch, 1874; and retired in the following De- cember. WOODS, LE0N.4.ED (1774- 1854). A Congregational theologian. He was born at Princeton, !Mass., graduated at Harvard College (1790) , and became pastor at West Newbury, Mass. (1798). He was professor of theology at Andover from the foundation of the seminary in 1807 till 1840, when he resigned, but continued to live in Andover till his death. He first came into notice by his controversial papers on the Hopkinsian side in the Massachusetts Mission- ar;i Magazine (see H0PKIN.S, Samuel), and later (1805) as joint editor of the I'anoplist. He was prominent in the formation of the American Tract Society, .merican Education Society, American Temperance Society, and the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. It is as a teacher that he is mentioned to-day. He w'as also an admired preacher. His collected works appeared in five volumes (Boston, 1849- 50), and his History of Andover Heminary in 1885. One of his most useful services was his Life of Mrs. Harriet Seu-ell (1814). which pro- foundly influenced the foreign missionary cause. He also published: Letters to Unitarians (1820) ; Letters to Rev. y. W. Taylor (1830) ; Lectures on Church Government (1844) : and Theolofiy of the Puritans (1851). Consult Williston Walker, Ten New England Leaders (New York, 1901). WOODS, Leonard (1807-78). An American theologian and scholar, born in Newbury, Mass., the son of Leonard Woods ( 1774-1854) . He gradu- ated at Union College (1827) and at Andover Theological Seminary (1830) and edited in New
