WOODS. 638 WOODWARD. York The Literary and Theological Review (1834-37). He ^-as chosen professor of sacred literature in Bangor Seminary (1836-39) and president of Bowdoin College ( 1839-60 1. His valuable investigations in the early history of Maine are contained in the Proceedings of the Maine Historical Society (1877). He trans- lated, among otlier works, G. C. Knapp's Chris- tian Theology (2 vols., 1831-33). WOODS, William Buknham (1824-87). An American jurist and soldier, l)orn in Newark, Licking County, Ohio. He graduated at Yale in 1845 and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1847; was Mayor of Newark in 18o6-.i7; tlien was elected to the Legislature and chosen Speaker. In September, lS(il, he Ijecame lieutenant-colo- nel of the Seventy-sixth Ohio Regiment, and served throughout the war under General Grant and General Sherman. He commanded a division in Sherman's march to the sea. At the close of the war he was brevetted major-general of volunteers. He then settled in Alabama ; in 1869 was appointed judge of the Fifth United States Circuit Court: and in 1880 associate jus- tice of the United States Supreme Court, to suc- ceed Justice Strong. WOOD-SAGE. See Gekmakder. WOOD'S HALFPENCE. Tlie name given to the lialfpencc issued for Ireland liy William Wood, an English ironmaster, in 1723-2.5. Ac- cording to a well-established custom, George I. in 1722 gave the Duchess of Kendall, his fa- vorite mistress, the right to coin copper half- pence for Ireland to the value of £108,000. She in turn sold the contract to Wood, who proceeded to "pour the coin down the throats of the peo- ple." Though the new coins were intrinsically worth more than the old, all classes in Ireland united in the most vehement opposition. Dean Swift led the attack in his celebrated Drapier's Letters, and the opposition became sn formidable that the Government revoked the patent in 1725 and granted Wood a compensation for his loss. WOODS HOLE. A village in the town of Falmouth. Mass. See Falmouth. WOOD-SHRIKE. An Oriental shrike of the subfamily Prionopinse, of which the familiar magpie-Lirk of Australia is a fair example. WOOD-SLAVE. A familiar and active little skinklikc lizard (Mahouia agilis) of .Tamaica. WOOD-SNAKE, or Sipo. An arboreal colu- brinc snake ( Ihrpctodrtiaa carintitns) of the Amazon region, often seven feet long, and remark- able for its beautiful colors. The upper parts are bright verdilcr or olive green, and the under parts greenish or bright yellow. It is amazingly swift in its movements. WOOD-SNIPE. A sportsman's name in parts of the Lnitcd States for the woodcock (((.v.), and in Bermuda for a curlew. See Curlew. WOOD SPIRIT, or Wood Alcohol. See Mkthvi. Ai.comoi.. WOOD'STOCK. A town in Oxfordshire, Eng- land. S miles northwest of Oxford (Tlai): Eng- land, 10 .'5). It is celebrated as the former seat of the manor of Woodstock, or Old 'oodstock. a resi- dence of the early En<_'lish kings, granted to the great Duke of Marlliorough, whose magnificent residence, Blenheim I'alace, built for him by the nation, is in the immediate vicinity. Edward, the Black Prince, was born here; Elizabeth was here held prisoner by her sister Mary ; and Chau- cer resided in the place for some time. Wood- stock is also famous in connection with Fair Rosamond, the celebrated mistress of Henry II. Population, 1700. Consult Mar.shall, Early His- to-ry of Woodstock Manor (1873-74). WOODSTOCK. A port and capital of Oxford County, Ontario, Canada, on the Thames River, Cedar Creek, and the Grand Trunk and the Canadian Pacific railroads; 30 miles east-north- east of London ( ilaj) : Ontario, C 4 ) . It has a large trade, good water ])over, and manufactures of woolen goods. Population, in 1901, 8833. WOODSTOCK. A novel by Walter Scott ( 1826 I . The scene of the story is laid in the royal lodge of Woodstock in 1051. WOOD-THRUSH, Wood-Robin or So.ng- Thkush. Names of one of the most familiar, beautiful, and melodious of North American thrushes (Turdus mustclinus) . See Thrush. WOOD-TORTOISE. An American terrestrial turtle {Cleiiiiiii/s iiusciilptiis) to be recognized by the concentric markings or striae on each plate of the carapace. It occurs in the United States east of Ohio, and is common in many localities. See Turtle. WOOD-WARBLER. A book name for the American warblers of the family Mniotiltidse. See Warbler. WOOD'WARD, Bernard Bolingbboke (1810- 69). An English writer. He was a son of Samuel Woodward, a geologist and antiquary living at Norwich. As a j-oung man he copied armorial bearings for his father. In 1834 he became a tutor in a Norfolk school, then a bank- ing-clerk, and eventually he turned to the Con- gregational ministry, for which he was educated at the Highbury College, London. In 1843 he became jiastor of a Congregational church in Norfolk, but resigned five years later and settled in London to devote himself to literature. In 1860 he was appointed librarian to the Queen at Windsor Castle. Among his numerous works are: The History of Wales ( lS.=iO-.-)3) : The His- tory of the United ftiates of America (1855-56) : First Lessons on the English Reformation (1857); First Lessons in Astronomy (1857): First Lessons in the Eridcnces of- Christianitg (1858-59); and, in conjinietion with W. L. R. Cates, Encyclopedia of Chronology (18721. He also edited Barclay's Complete Dictionary of the English Language (1851) and Maunder's Treasury of Knoidedge (1859). WOODWARD. Henry (1832—). An Em^li^h geologist, born at Norwich, and educated at the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester. He was keeper of the geolouical department of the British ^Museum from 1880 till 1901. in 1865 be- came editor of the Clengraphiral Magazine, and in 1890 was chosen president of the Pala>ontographi- eal Society. His works include a monogra))!! on the Ilritish Fofi.sil Crnstaeea Belonging 1o the Merostomata (1806.78) ; one on the Carhoniferous TriUihites (1883-84): and one on the British l'aliro~oie I'hyVopoda (1888-99). WOODWARD, .TosElMl .TANnER (1833-84). An .incricau surgeon, horn in Philadelphia. He
