YOUATT. 734 YOUNG. Journal he was a frequent contributor, lie exer- cised a profound influence upon his profession. His voluminous writings, botli in the 'eterina- rian and in his books upon the domestic animals are widely consulted and quoted. Among his books are: The Horse (1831; 2d ed. 1843) ; Cut- tle, Their Breeds, Manugeinent, and Diseases (1824); Sheep, Their Breeds, ilanagemeni, and Diseases, and the Motintuin Shepherd's Manual (1837) ; The Dtxj (1845) ; The Pig: A Treatise on Breeds, Management, Feeding, and Medical Treatment of Swine; with Directions for Salting Pork and Curing Ham (1847). YOTJMANS, yijo'nionz, Edward Lr'INGSTo:^ (1821-87). An American scientist, born at Coey- mans. N. Y. When only seventeen years old, he was afflicted with a malady of the eyes from which he suffered during the remainder of his life. De- spite this handicap, however, he managed to ac- quire a good education. In 1845 his sister, Eliza Ann YouniHns. became his reader and amanuen- sis, and with her aid he imdertook the study of chemistry. In 1851 he prepared a Chemical Chart which won such favor that the next year he piib- lished a Class-Book of Chemistry. From that time on he devoted himself with remarkable suc- cess to popularizing science. He became a lec- turer, founded (1872) and until his death edited the Popular Science Monthly magazine, planned the publication of the International Scientific Series," by means of which works by the greatest scientists of all nations were published simul- taneously in the principal modern languages, and introduced the works of Herbert Spencer and of other British scientists to American readers. Among his own publications are: Handbook of Household Science (1857) ; The Correlation and Conservation of Forces (1804) ; and Cultnre De- manded hy Modern Life (1867). YOTJMANS, William .Jay (1838-1901). An American scientist, born at Milton, N. Y., brother of Edward Livingston Youmans (q.v.). He studied chemistry under his brother and at Co- lumbia and Yale, then took a course in medicine at New York University, and in 18(35 studied natural history under Huxley in London. On his return to the United States he settled at Winona. Minn., and practiced medicine for about three j'ears. In 1872 he assisted his brother in establishing and svibsequently was associated in editing the Popular Science Monthly. After his brother's death in 1887 he became its editor- in-chief. He edited Huxley's Lessons in Ele- mentary Physiology, and wrote Pioneers of Sci- ence in America ( 18!t5). YOUNG, ARTTTfR (1741-1820). A noted I'rilisli agriculturist and author, born in Lon- don. Prior to 1759 he had written four novels and several political pamphlets which seem to have had no permanent value. In 1703 he took up farming, which, combined with rural investiga- tions at home and abroad, became his life work. The permanent value and enormous amount of his agricultural writings, based largely upon per- sona! experience and observation, place him well in advance of all British agricultural authors, and the sprightly style renders much of his prod- uct entertaining even to-day. His Travels in France pictures not only French agriculture, but the conditions prevalent in France jirior to the French Revolution ; hence it is a reliable source of information upon both these subjects. Young became one of the best knoun men of his time; secretary of the British Board of Agriculture (1793), and honorary member of the leading scientific societies of the world. Some of his best known works are: A Six Weeks' Tour Through the Southern Counties of England and Wales (1708); Annals of Agriculture (1784- 1809, 1812-15) : Travels in France During the Years 17S7, 17SS, and 1789 (1794). YOUNG,. Brigham (1801-77). The successor of .Joseph Smitli, Jr., as president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. (See MORMOXS.) He was born in Whitingham, Wind- ham County, Vt., .Tune I, 1801. He removed to Mendon, Monroe County, N. Y., and was bap- tized into the Mormon " Church April 14, 1832. Appointed an elder, he first met the Prophet Joseph at Kirtland, Ohio. After a successful mission to Canada he went to Missouri in the 'Army of Zion.' Elected as one of the original Quorum of Twelve in 1835, he was called to preach to the Indians, and finally started on n mission to the Eastern States. In 1840 he was sent to Liverpool to assist Apostles John Taylor and Wilford Woodruff (qq.v.) in the English mission and became an editor of the Millennial Star. Upon the apostasy of T. B. Marsh, Young was left president of the Twelve, and held this position until his election as president of the Church. Deceml)er 5, 1847. After the murder of Smith in 1844 Young remonstrated with the Mormons for their depredations in Missouri, and in turn demanded fair treatment from the Quincy Committee upon the expulsion of the Mormons from Illinois. The next year, having vainly sought Federal aid from President Polk, he urged the Saints to move somewhere west of the Eocky Mountains. In February, 1840, he was himself a member of the first party to leave Xauvoo. but stayed in winter quarters on the Missouri till the following .January. Then he promulgated his first and only 'revelation,' to be found in the Book of Doctrine and Covenants. Reaching the Salt Lake Valley in 1848, he selected the site of the temple. Young's power over his followers was now shown by his prohibition of gold-min- ing, by his organization of the ill-fated hand- cart expedition, and by his election as Governor of the State of Descrct in 1849. The following 3'ear he was appointed by President Fillmore as Federal Governor of the Territory of L'tah. Young's choice of his own ward bishops enabled him to control all local affairs and receive the bulk of the tithes. His suppression of the schismatic Gladdcnifes in 1853 led him to fur- ther steps against the exodus of the discontented, such as the murder of W. R. Parish, the organ- ization of the 'Wolf Hunters,' and the instituting of 'blood atonement.' Defying the United States authorities sent out by President Buchanan in the so-called Mormon War of 1857, and indicted for treason after the ifountain Meadows mas- sacre (q.v.). Young was nevertheless let alone by the Central Government. .Miout Ihis time he made liis s<dc contriluition to the bod.v of Mor- mon divinity, the doctrine of the worshi)) of Adam as God. In 1800 Young founded (he Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution. In 1871 the case against him for unl.nwful cohabita- tion was dropped as unconstitutional, but the divorce suit brought bv . n Eliza Young, known
