YOUNG. 735 YOUNG. as wife 'No. 19,' was sustained. Young died August 2'J, 1877, and was reputed to have left between .fi.OOO.dOO and $3,000,000, 24 widows, and 44 children. YOUNG, CnAKLES Augustus (1834 — ). An American astronuuier, born at Hanover, N. 11. lie graduated at Dartuioutli (1853), and till 1855 taught at Phillips Academy, Andover. From 185G to 1800 lie was professor of natural phi- losophy and mathematics in the Western Reserve College, Ohio. In 1800 he was made professor of astronomy and natural philosophy in Dartmouth. In 1877 he was appointed to fill a similar jiosi- tion at Princeton. In observing the total eclipse of August, 1800. he made the lirst observation of the spectrum of the solar corona. He was also the discoverer of the "reversing layer' in the solar atmosphere. (See Sun.) lie also studied the prominences and chromosphere, the spectroscopic measurement of the sun's rotation, solar cyclones and explosions. He was a member of Winloek's l)arty of 1870, and observed the total eclipse at Jerez, Spain. Young published many scientific papers and text-books, among which are The .S'uii. (1882) and General Astronomy (1898). YOUNG, Edward (108.3-1705). An English poet, born at Upham. in Hampshire, where his father was rector. He was educated at Winches- ter School and at Oxford. He first came before the world as a poet with an Epistle to George (iranville on Granville's being created a peer (1713). The next year this piece of fulsome llattery Avas followed by The Last Dai/, dedi- cated to the Queen: Force of Ifeliglon, with a dedication to the Countess of Salisbury; and an epistle on The Late Queen's Death. In 1719 Y'oung tried his hand at a tragedy entitled Bu- siris, which was succeeded by Revenge (1721), long po])ular on the stage, and The Brothers (first produced in 1753). For The Instalment (1720), on the occasion of Walpole's being in- vested with the order of the Garter. Y'ovmg was granted a Government pension of £200 a year. Between 1725 and 1728 appeared in succession a series of satires entitled The Lore of Fame, the Vnirersal Pafision. Taking orders, Y'oung be- came chaplain to the King (1728), and rector of Wel«7'n, in Hertfordshire (1730). In 1731 he married Lady Elizabeth Lee, who was a daughter of the second Earl of Lichfield, and died in 1741. Then followed the famous Xii/ht Thouyhis on Life, Death, and Inimortalitji (1742-45). Y'oung passed his last years mostly in retirement, and died at the rectory of Welwyn. Y'oung's reputation rests almost wholly upon '^^ight Thoughts. This series of poems contains passages of fine imagination, and sayings, like "Procrastination is the thief of time," that have passed into popular speech. The 'Sight Thoughts, read by everybody, gave rise to a school of grave- yard poets. Translated into French and German, the series was received with equal enthusiasm abroad. Besides his verse. Y'otnig wrote a re- markable essay entitled Conjeetvres on Original Composition (1759). Like the Night Thoughts. its influence was great on the Continent, espe- cially in Germany. Youns collected his works (4 vols.. 1757). The poems, with a memoir by Herbert Croft, were included in -Tohnson's Lircs of the Poets. A folio edition of Xight Thoughts (1797) Avas illustrated with designs by William Blake (q.v.). Consult Young's Poetical Works, edited with a Life by J. jMitford (London, 1854), and by G. Gillillan (Edinburgh, 1853) ; and the exhaustive study of his life and works by Tlionias, under the title, Lc poete Fclward Young ( Paris, 1901). For his influence in France, consult Te.xte, Cosmopolilisme lilleraire (Paris, 1895; JCng. trans, by .1. W. Matthews, London, 1899). George Eliot wrote a famous essay on Young, entitled "Worldliness and Other Worldliness," in Wes(- minster lievieic (1857). YOUNG, Edward (1831-90). An English explorer, born at Hastings. In 1802 he com- manded the ship Pioneer to the Zambezi and the Shii'e rivers under Livingstone. In 18t!7 he conmianded the Livingstone search expedition. He was commissioned by the Free Church of Scotland to conduct a mission to Lake Nyassa in 1875, and at this time discovered the Living- stone Mountains and established the Living- stonia settlement. He wrote: The fiearch After Livingstone, a journal revised by Rev. Horace Waller (1808), and Syassa, a Journal of .{rlren- tures While Exploring Lake Xyassa, Central Africa, and Establishing the Settlement of Liv- ingstonia (1890). YOUNG, Sir George (1837—).. An English lawyer, born at Cookham and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1804. He served on the royal commission on the coolie immigra- tion in British Guiana in 1870, and was secretary of the Factory and Workshops Acts Commission in 1875, and of the Irish Land Acts Commission in 1881. His publications include: Essay on Greek Literature in England, for which he re- ceived the Le Bas prize (1802), and Dramas of t^ophucles Rendered in English Verse, Dramatic and Lyric (1888). YOUNG, George Paxto.x (1818-89). A Canadian educator, born in Scotland. He became a minister of the Free Church of Scotland, and in 1848 took charge of Kno.x Church, Hamilton. In 1853 he was appointed professor of logic, mental and moral philosophy, and the evidences of natural and revealed religion, at Knox College. In 1804 he was appointed inspector of grammar schools for Ontario, and in 1808 was given charge of the Knox College preparatory department. He was made professor of metaphysics and ethics in University College, Toronto, in 1871. He was considered one of the ablest teachers and pro- fessors that Canada has ever had. His earlier works include: Miscellaneous Discourses and Ex- positions of Scripture (1854), and The Philo- sophical Principles of Natural Religion (1802). YOUNG, James (1811-83). A Scotch chem- ist, born at Glasgow. He was for several years assistant to Thomas Graham. About 1847 he be- gan a series of analyses of petroleum, and suc- ceeded in producing a lubricating oil for machin- ery and a lighter oil for lamps. He afterwards took out a patent for a process of slow destruc- tive distillation of coal, paraffin being among the useful products obtained, and thus fomided a new and important industry. (See Paraffin.) His discoveries showed the value of coal-oil and petroleum, ami have contributed .sn'catly to the development of the American petroleum industry. In 1S72 he fitted out an expedition in search of Dr. Livingstone.
