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List of Illustrations
xiii
PAGE 131. Voltaire................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................360 132. Rousseau................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................361 133. Joseph II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................364 134. Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and the Dauphin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................368 135. Turgot................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................369 136. Costumes of the Orders................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................371 137. Mirabeau................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................372 138. The Storming of the Bastile................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................374 139. The Destruction of Feudalism................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................376 140. An Assignat................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................377 141. Robespierre................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................382 142. The Lion of Lucerne................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................383 143. Napoleon's Birthplace, Ajaccio................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................388 144. Cross of the Legion of Honor................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................393 145. A Napoleonic Medal................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................394 146. The Victory................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................395 147. The Duke of Wellington................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................401 148. The Tomb of Napoleon................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................406 149. Seal of the French Republic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................407 150. Arc de Triomphe, Paris................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................422 151. Louis Philippe................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................425 152. Facsimile of Article VII of the Treaty of 1839................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................428 153. La Madeleine, Paris................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................433 154. Caricature of Louis Philippe................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................434 155. Medal in Honor of Kossuth................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................436 156. The Louvre and the Tuileries................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................443 157. "France is Tranquil"................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................445 158. Napoleon III and Eugénie................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................446 159. Mazzini................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................449 160. Victor Emmanuel II................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................450 161. "The Right Leg in the Boot at Last"................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................455 162. William I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................459 163. "Væ Victis"................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................466 164. The Union Jack................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................469 165. Canvassing for Votes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................470 166. Queen Victoria................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................474 167. Windsor Castle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................475 168. Interior of the House of Commons................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................481 169. House of Commons Mace................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................483 170. No. 10, Downing Street................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................484 171. St. Paul's Cathedral, London................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................495 172. Notre Dame, Paris................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................500 173. The Panthéon, Paris................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................502 174. Chamber of Deputies, Paris................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................504 175. The Vatican, Rome................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................506 176. The Reichstagsgebäude, Berlin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................515 177. The German National Monument................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................518 178. Francis Joseph I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................520 179. The Kremlin, Moscow................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................523 180. Nicholas I................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................526 181. Church of the Resurrection of Christ, Petrograd................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................527 182. "What Nicholas Heard in the Shell"................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................533 183. Florence Nightingale................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................534 184. David Livingstone................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................544 185. Henry M. Stanley................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................546 186. Cecil Rhodes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................548 187. Count Ferdinand de Lesseps................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................550 188. "The Lion's Vengeance on the Bengal Tiger"................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................554 189. The Great Wall of China................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................557 190. Empress-Dowager of China................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................559 191. Simón Bolivar................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................570 192. The Christ of the Andes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................571 193. Robert E. Peary................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................578 194. A Spinning Wheel................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................584 195. Arkwright's Spinning Wheel................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................585 196. Cartwright's First Power Loom................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................586 197. Whitney's Cotton Gin................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................586 198. An Eighteenth-century Stagecoach................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................592 199. The Clermont, 1807................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................593 200. The Rocket, 1830................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................594 201. A Precursor of the Automobile................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................595 202. Morse's First Telegraph Instrument, 1837................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................597 203. The Original Atlantic Cable................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................598 204. First Adhesive Penny Postage Stamp................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................599
